Pyrolysis of waste animal fats in a fixed-bed reactor: Production and characterization of bio-oil and bio-char
TL;DR: In this paper, the main products (liquid bio-oil, solid bio-char and syngas) were obtained from pyrolysis of animal fatty wastes, and the maximum production of biooil was achieved at a pyroleysis temperature of 500 °C and a heating rate of 5 °C/min.
About: This article is published in Waste Management.The article was published on 2014-01-01. It has received 152 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Pyrolysis & Synthetic fuel.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review on parameters that influence the pyrolysis process, such as temperature, reaction time, heating rate, gas flow rate, feed rate, particle size and biomass composition, is presented.
334 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors acknowledge the financial support by Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation Malaysia (MOSTI), Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (MOHE), and Universiti Malaysia Terengganu for the conduct of the research under the E-Science fund (UMT/RMC/SF/13/52072(5), Vot no. 52072), the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (Project no. FRGS/1/2013/TK05/UMTs/02/2, Vot No. 59296), and the Research Acc
Abstract: The authors acknowledges the financial support by Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation Malaysia (MOSTI), Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (MOHE), and Universiti Malaysia Terengganu for the conduct of the research under the E-Science fund (UMT/RMC/SF/13/52072(5), Vot no.: 52072), the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (Project no.: FRGS/1/2013/TK05/UMT/02/2, Vot no.: 59296), and the Research Acculturation Grant Scheme (Project no.: RAGS/2012/UMT/TK07/3, Vot no.: 57085).
260 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive review of trends and techniques in biodiesel production from animal fat wastes (AFWs) is presented, and a critical overview of homogeneous and heterogeneous (one- or two-step) catalytic transesterification is presented.
Abstract: Non-edible feedstocks such as animal fat wastes (AFWs) have recently increased in popularity as alternatives to vegetable oils in the production of biodiesel. They are low cost, mitigate environmental damage and increase the quality of the resultant biodiesel fuel (low NOx emissions, high Cetane number and oxidative stability). Therefore, AFWs are an excellent feedstock for biodiesel production. Here we provide a comprehensive review trends and techniques in biodiesel production from AFWs. A critical overview of homogeneous and heterogeneous (one- or two-step) catalytic transesterification of AFWs is presented. Similarly, enzyme-catalyzed transesterification and the application of supercritical fluids conversion techniques in the production of biodiesel from AFWs are thoroughly assessed. Finally, cutting edge advances in assisted transesterification processes for biodiesel production are critically reviewed.
246 citations
Cites background from "Pyrolysis of waste animal fats in a..."
...[125] reported the production of bio-oil and bio-char by pyrolysis of lamb, poultry and swine AFWs in a fixed-bed reactor....
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TL;DR: In this article, the potential opportunities for food waste pyrolysis focusing on the conversion of food waste to biochar products were evaluated. But the authors did not consider the food waste composition and the process conditions.
Abstract: Waste generated from anthropogenic activities contributes toward stresses on our natural systems through impacts associated with both production and disposal. Sustainable waste management necessitates that industries shift from the current linear model to a circular based economy, utilizing wastes as raw materials for the production of new products, eg. fuels and chemicals. Biomass and associated waste materials can be converted into value-added products using thermochemical processes. The pyrolysis process is a convenient thermochemical method, whereby biomass is efficiently converted into biofuels, biochars and BBQ briquettes; and further processing yields additional value added products, such as activated carbons, carbon black and printing ink. This paper reviews current development work and evaluates potential opportunities for food waste pyrolysis focusing on the conversion of food waste to biochar products. Overall, it was found that the constituents of the food waste together with the process conditions play a major role in the yield and composition of the produced chars. Moreover, more research work needs to be conducted on food waste to biochar and on mixed food blends in particular.
219 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed review has been done on the use of novel heterogeneous catalysts for transesterification process such as metal-based catalysts and organic catalysts.
Abstract: This paper discusses about the importance of animal fats for power generation particularly from waste chicken fat, advantages of using chicken fat for biodiesel production, different ways of oil extraction from chicken fat and various biodiesel production techniques. A detailed review has been done on the use of novel heterogeneous catalysts for transesterification process such as metal based catalysts and organic catalysts. The factors influencing transesterification parameters like molar ratio, catalyst weight percentage, reaction time and temperature has been collected from several research articles were presented in detail. In addition, the transesterification reaction is studied at different co solvents employed to increase the methyl ester conversion. Also, analyses of relative optimization techniques implementing for transesterification process parameters have been discussed thoroughly. The physico-chemical properties of chicken fat methyl ester such as kinematic viscosity, density, pour, cloud, flash and cold filter plugging point, calorific value and fatty acid compositions of chicken fat methyl ester were compared with different animal fat methyl esters. The study reveals that biodiesel produced from waste chicken fat would be a suitable replacement of edible vegetable oils due to its low cost, ease of availability and the properties of chicken fat methyl ester were within the limits of ASTM D 6751 biodiesel standards. Furthermore, the research work has to be carried out for the improvement of cycles of catalyst reusability, biodiesel purity and cost-effectiveness of biodiesel production process in future.
204 citations
References
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TL;DR: A review of the recent developments in the wood pyrolysis and reports the characteristics of the resulting bio-oils, which are the main products of fast wood pyrotechnics, can be found in this paper.
Abstract: Fast pyrolysis utilizes biomass to produce a product that is used both as an energy source and a feedstock for chemical production. Considerable efforts have been made to convert wood biomass to liquid fuels and chemicals since the oil crisis in mid-1970s. This review focuses on the recent developments in the wood pyrolysis and reports the characteristics of the resulting bio-oils, which are the main products of fast wood pyrolysis. Virtually any form of biomass can be considered for fast pyrolysis. Most work has been performed on wood, because of its consistency and comparability between tests. However, nearly 100 types of biomass have been tested, ranging from agricultural wastes such as straw, olive pits, and nut shells to energy crops such as miscanthus and sorghum. Forestry wastes such as bark and thinnings and other solid wastes, including sewage sludge and leather wastes, have also been studied. In this review, the main (although not exclusive) emphasis has been given to wood. The literature on woo...
4,988 citations
"Pyrolysis of waste animal fats in a..." refers background in this paper
...For bio-oils from lignocellulosic biomass, the molecular composition is quite different since typical chemical substances related to the original polymers – cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin – can be found (such as phenolic compounds: phenols, guaiacols, syringols and furans) besides the fatty acids, alkanes, alkenes, amides, aldehydes (Mohan et al., 2006)....
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TL;DR: Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters), which is derived from triglycerides by transesterification with methanol, has attracted considerable attention during the past decade as a renewable, biodegradable, and nontoxic fuel.
2,185 citations
"Pyrolysis of waste animal fats in a..." refers background in this paper
...Main research developed in the area of bio-fuels from fatty materials concerns bio-diesel production through transesterification process (Srivastava and Prasad, 2000; Fukuda et al., 2001; Demirbas, 2003; Tashtoush et al., 2004; Phan and Phan, 2008; Sabudak and Yildiz, 2010)....
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TL;DR: In this article, a review of thermal conversion processes and particularly the reactors that have been developed to provide the necessary conditions to optimise performance is presented, and the main technical and non-technical barriers to implementation are identified.
1,760 citations
"Pyrolysis of waste animal fats in a..." refers background or methods in this paper
...(Zanzi et al., 1996; Bridgwater, 2003)....
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...Pyrolysis is a thermal decomposition of organic substances under oxygen-deficient circumstances into various phases: liquid products (condensable vapors at cooling temperature); carbon-rich solid residues (bio-char); gaseous products (syngas which were not condensable gases) (Maschio et al., 1992; Bridgwater, 2003)....
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...Thermochemical processes include gasification, pyrolysis and combustion (Bridgwater, 2003; Goyal et al., 2008)....
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...%) for pyrolytic oils from different biomass resources (Bridgwater, 2003; Onay and Kochar, 2003; Demirbas, 2007; Ndiaye, 2008)....
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...The liquid product (bio-oil or pyrolytic oil), which is a complex mixture of oxygenated hydrocarbons and water, can be used directly as a liquid fuel or as source of synthetic chemical feedstocks (Bridgwater, 2003; Blin et al., 2007; Maher and Bressler, 2007)....
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TL;DR: The main advantages of using biodiesel are its renewability, better-quality exhaust gas emissions, its biodegradability and given that all the organic carbon present is photosynthetic in origin, it does not contribute to a rise in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and consequently to the greenhouse effect as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Efforts are under way in many countries, including India, to search for suitable alternative diesel fuels that are environment friendly. The need to search for these fuels arises mainly from the standpoint of preserving the global environment and the concern about long-term supplies of conventional hydrocarbon-based diesel fuels. Among the different possible sources, diesel fuels derived from triglycerides (vegetable oils/animal fats) present a promising alternative to substitute diesel fuels. Although triglycerides can fuel diesel engines, their high viscosities, low volatilities and poor cold flow properties have led to the investigation of various derivatives. Fatty acid methyl esters, known as biodiesel, derived from triglycerides by transesterification with methanol have received the most attention. The main advantages of using biodiesel are its renewability, better-quality exhaust gas emissions, its biodegradability and given that all the organic carbon present is photosynthetic in origin, it does not contribute to a rise in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and consequently to the greenhouse effect.
1,733 citations
"Pyrolysis of waste animal fats in a..." refers background in this paper
...Main research developed in the area of bio-fuels from fatty materials concerns bio-diesel production through transesterification process (Srivastava and Prasad, 2000; Fukuda et al., 2001; Demirbas, 2003; Tashtoush et al., 2004; Phan and Phan, 2008; Sabudak and Yildiz, 2010)....
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...In comparison to GC–MS compositions of bio-oils produced from triglycerides materials pyrolysis, great similarities in the detected compounds can be found (Srivastava and Prasad, 2000; Lima et al., 2004)....
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TL;DR: Fast pyrolysis for production of liquids has developed considerably since the first experiments in the late 1970s as mentioned in this paper, leading to significant advances in process development and a wide range of reactor configurations that have been developed to meet the stringent requirements for high yields of useful liquids, for use as a fuel in boilers, engines and turbines and as a source of chemical commodities.
Abstract: Fast pyrolysis for production of liquids has developed considerably since the first experiments in the late 1970s. Many reactors and processes have been investigated and developed to the point where fast pyrolysis is now an accepted feasible and viable route to renewable liquid fuels, chemicals and derived products. It is also now clear that liquid products offer significant advantages in storage and transport over gas and heat. These advantages have caused greater attention to be paid to fast pyrolysis, leading to significant advances in process development. The technology of fast pyrolysis for liquids is noteworthy for the wide range of reactor configurations that have been developed to meet the stringent requirements for high yields of useful liquids, for use as a fuel in boilers, engines and turbines and as a source of chemical commodities. This review summarizes the key features of fast pyrolysis and the resultant liquid product and describes the major reaction systems and processes that have been developed over the last 20 years.
1,686 citations