Pyrolysis of waste animal fats in a fixed-bed reactor: Production and characterization of bio-oil and bio-char
TL;DR: In this paper, the main products (liquid bio-oil, solid bio-char and syngas) were obtained from pyrolysis of animal fatty wastes, and the maximum production of biooil was achieved at a pyroleysis temperature of 500 °C and a heating rate of 5 °C/min.
About: This article is published in Waste Management.The article was published on 2014-01-01. It has received 152 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Pyrolysis & Synthetic fuel.
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TL;DR: In this article , an integrated ANN and response surface methodology (RSM) model was used to model the pyrolysis process of microalgae residual for the generation of sustainable fuel and value-added chemicals.
3 citations
Dissertation•
11 Oct 2016
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a method to improve the quality of the data collected from the University of the Witwatersrand's School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment.
Abstract: Submitted to
School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
June, 2016
3 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the effect of catalyst content and reaction time by catalytic upgrading from pyrolysis vapors of residual fat at 450 °C and 1.0 atmosphere, on the yields of reaction products, physicochemical properties, and chemical composition of organic liquid products (OLP), over a catalyst fixed bed reactor, in semi pilot scale.
Abstract: Catalytic upgrading of vapors from pyrolysis of triglycerides materials is a promising approach to achieve better conversions of hydrocarbons and production of liquid biofuels. Catalytic cracking often shows incomplete conversion due to distillation of initial reaction products and the addition of a second catalytic reactor, whereas pyrolytic vapors are made in contact to a solid catalyst was applied to improve the physical-chemical properties and quality of bio-oil. This work investigated the effect of catalyst content and reaction time by catalytic upgrading from pyrolysis vapors of residual fat at 450 °C and 1.0 atmosphere, on the yields of reaction products, physicochemical properties (density, kinematic viscosity, refractive index, and acid value), and chemical composition of organic liquid products (OLP), over a catalyst fixed bed reactor, in semi pilot scale. Pellets of red mud chemically activated with 1.0 M HCl were used as catalysts. The thermal catalytic cracking of residual fat show OLP yields from 54.4 to 84.88 (wt.%), aqueous phase yields between 2.21 and 2.80 (wt.%), solid phase yields (coke) between 1.30 and 8.60 (wt.%), and gas yields from 11.61 to 34.22 (wt.%). The yields of OLP increases with catalyst content while those of aqueous, gaseous and solid phase decreases. For all experiments, the density, kinematic viscosity, and acid value of OLP decreases with reaction time. The GC-MS of liquid reaction products identified the presence of hydrocarbons and oxygenates. In addition, the hydrocarbon content in OLP increases with reaction time, while those of oxygenates decrease, reaching concentrations of hydrocarbons up to 95.35% (area.). The best results for the physicochemical properties and the maximum hydrocarbon content in OLP were obtained at 450 °C and 1.0 atmosphere, using a catalyst fixed bed reactor, with 5.0% (wt.) red mud pellets activated with 1.0 M HCl as catalyst.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the effect of reaction temperature, IB:WCO ratio and strontium oxide loading percentage on product distribution and quality was examined, and the results indicated that the highest bio-oil yield (55.3 %) was obtained at a pyrolysis temperature of 550 °C.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the friction and wear tests of biomass-derived oils (bio-oils) were experimentally investigated, and the properties were compared with that of standard mineral oils used for lubrication purposes.
Abstract: Tribological properties of biomass-derived oils (bio-oils) were experimentally investigated, and the properties were compared with that of standard mineral oils used for lubrication purposes. Bio-oils were obtained from fast pyrolysis (using poultry and pine), gasification (“gasitar” using pine) and hydrothermal liquefaction processes (using Scenedesmus and Nannocholoropsis). The friction and wear tests were conducted using a ball on the disk tribometer test. The results showed that the coefficient of friction (COF) were around 0.02 for both gasitar and Scenedesmus bio-oil; whereas, catalytic and non-catalytic pyrolysis oils had a COF around 0.1. The wear measurements showed that catalytic fast pyrolysis bio-oils had lower wear followed by non-catalytic bio-oil and “gasitar”. Nannocholoropsis bio-oil had the highest amount of wear, and algal bio-oils showed higher wear compared to other oils. The bio-oil chemical analysis indicated that catalytic and non-catalytic fast pyrolysis bio-oil had higher oxygen content, while algal bio-oil had higher nitrogenates. Gasitar had higher hydrocarbon content with lower oxygen and nitrogenates making it a favorable lubricating oil.
2 citations
References
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TL;DR: A review of the recent developments in the wood pyrolysis and reports the characteristics of the resulting bio-oils, which are the main products of fast wood pyrotechnics, can be found in this paper.
Abstract: Fast pyrolysis utilizes biomass to produce a product that is used both as an energy source and a feedstock for chemical production. Considerable efforts have been made to convert wood biomass to liquid fuels and chemicals since the oil crisis in mid-1970s. This review focuses on the recent developments in the wood pyrolysis and reports the characteristics of the resulting bio-oils, which are the main products of fast wood pyrolysis. Virtually any form of biomass can be considered for fast pyrolysis. Most work has been performed on wood, because of its consistency and comparability between tests. However, nearly 100 types of biomass have been tested, ranging from agricultural wastes such as straw, olive pits, and nut shells to energy crops such as miscanthus and sorghum. Forestry wastes such as bark and thinnings and other solid wastes, including sewage sludge and leather wastes, have also been studied. In this review, the main (although not exclusive) emphasis has been given to wood. The literature on woo...
4,988 citations
"Pyrolysis of waste animal fats in a..." refers background in this paper
...For bio-oils from lignocellulosic biomass, the molecular composition is quite different since typical chemical substances related to the original polymers – cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin – can be found (such as phenolic compounds: phenols, guaiacols, syringols and furans) besides the fatty acids, alkanes, alkenes, amides, aldehydes (Mohan et al., 2006)....
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TL;DR: Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters), which is derived from triglycerides by transesterification with methanol, has attracted considerable attention during the past decade as a renewable, biodegradable, and nontoxic fuel.
2,185 citations
"Pyrolysis of waste animal fats in a..." refers background in this paper
...Main research developed in the area of bio-fuels from fatty materials concerns bio-diesel production through transesterification process (Srivastava and Prasad, 2000; Fukuda et al., 2001; Demirbas, 2003; Tashtoush et al., 2004; Phan and Phan, 2008; Sabudak and Yildiz, 2010)....
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TL;DR: In this article, a review of thermal conversion processes and particularly the reactors that have been developed to provide the necessary conditions to optimise performance is presented, and the main technical and non-technical barriers to implementation are identified.
1,760 citations
"Pyrolysis of waste animal fats in a..." refers background or methods in this paper
...(Zanzi et al., 1996; Bridgwater, 2003)....
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...Pyrolysis is a thermal decomposition of organic substances under oxygen-deficient circumstances into various phases: liquid products (condensable vapors at cooling temperature); carbon-rich solid residues (bio-char); gaseous products (syngas which were not condensable gases) (Maschio et al., 1992; Bridgwater, 2003)....
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...Thermochemical processes include gasification, pyrolysis and combustion (Bridgwater, 2003; Goyal et al., 2008)....
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...%) for pyrolytic oils from different biomass resources (Bridgwater, 2003; Onay and Kochar, 2003; Demirbas, 2007; Ndiaye, 2008)....
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...The liquid product (bio-oil or pyrolytic oil), which is a complex mixture of oxygenated hydrocarbons and water, can be used directly as a liquid fuel or as source of synthetic chemical feedstocks (Bridgwater, 2003; Blin et al., 2007; Maher and Bressler, 2007)....
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TL;DR: The main advantages of using biodiesel are its renewability, better-quality exhaust gas emissions, its biodegradability and given that all the organic carbon present is photosynthetic in origin, it does not contribute to a rise in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and consequently to the greenhouse effect as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Efforts are under way in many countries, including India, to search for suitable alternative diesel fuels that are environment friendly. The need to search for these fuels arises mainly from the standpoint of preserving the global environment and the concern about long-term supplies of conventional hydrocarbon-based diesel fuels. Among the different possible sources, diesel fuels derived from triglycerides (vegetable oils/animal fats) present a promising alternative to substitute diesel fuels. Although triglycerides can fuel diesel engines, their high viscosities, low volatilities and poor cold flow properties have led to the investigation of various derivatives. Fatty acid methyl esters, known as biodiesel, derived from triglycerides by transesterification with methanol have received the most attention. The main advantages of using biodiesel are its renewability, better-quality exhaust gas emissions, its biodegradability and given that all the organic carbon present is photosynthetic in origin, it does not contribute to a rise in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and consequently to the greenhouse effect.
1,733 citations
"Pyrolysis of waste animal fats in a..." refers background in this paper
...Main research developed in the area of bio-fuels from fatty materials concerns bio-diesel production through transesterification process (Srivastava and Prasad, 2000; Fukuda et al., 2001; Demirbas, 2003; Tashtoush et al., 2004; Phan and Phan, 2008; Sabudak and Yildiz, 2010)....
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...In comparison to GC–MS compositions of bio-oils produced from triglycerides materials pyrolysis, great similarities in the detected compounds can be found (Srivastava and Prasad, 2000; Lima et al., 2004)....
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TL;DR: Fast pyrolysis for production of liquids has developed considerably since the first experiments in the late 1970s as mentioned in this paper, leading to significant advances in process development and a wide range of reactor configurations that have been developed to meet the stringent requirements for high yields of useful liquids, for use as a fuel in boilers, engines and turbines and as a source of chemical commodities.
Abstract: Fast pyrolysis for production of liquids has developed considerably since the first experiments in the late 1970s. Many reactors and processes have been investigated and developed to the point where fast pyrolysis is now an accepted feasible and viable route to renewable liquid fuels, chemicals and derived products. It is also now clear that liquid products offer significant advantages in storage and transport over gas and heat. These advantages have caused greater attention to be paid to fast pyrolysis, leading to significant advances in process development. The technology of fast pyrolysis for liquids is noteworthy for the wide range of reactor configurations that have been developed to meet the stringent requirements for high yields of useful liquids, for use as a fuel in boilers, engines and turbines and as a source of chemical commodities. This review summarizes the key features of fast pyrolysis and the resultant liquid product and describes the major reaction systems and processes that have been developed over the last 20 years.
1,686 citations