Pyrolysis of waste animal fats in a fixed-bed reactor: Production and characterization of bio-oil and bio-char
TL;DR: In this paper, the main products (liquid bio-oil, solid bio-char and syngas) were obtained from pyrolysis of animal fatty wastes, and the maximum production of biooil was achieved at a pyroleysis temperature of 500 °C and a heating rate of 5 °C/min.
About: This article is published in Waste Management.The article was published on 2014-01-01. It has received 152 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Pyrolysis & Synthetic fuel.
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TL;DR: In this article , the catalytic pyrolysis of MBM in the presence of mesoporous silica nanocatalysts (SBA-3 and SBA-16 materials and metallic derivates) was investigated in a home-made reactor for the production of renewable energy.
Abstract: The capitalization of agri-food waste is essential for the sustainability of a circular economy. This work focuses on a solution to eliminate such waste, meat and bone meal (MBM), which is produced in large quantities by the food industry and is prohibited for use as animal feed under the European directives. Therefore, with the focus of converting waste to energy, the catalytic pyrolysis of MBM in the presence of mesoporous silica nanocatalysts (SBA-3 and SBA-16 materials and metallic derivates) was investigated in a home-made reactor for the production of renewable energy. The mesoporous silica materials were synthesized using relatively simple methods and then characterized in order to determine their morpho-structural characteristics. The MBM pyrolysis behavior under different experimental conditions was examined in detail, both in the presence and absence of the new catalysts. The resulting MBM-based pyrolysis products, MBMPYOILs and MBMPYGASs, were also assessed as potential alternative fuels, highlighting comparable energy values to conventional fuels. The outcomes of this investigation offer a potential pathway to the clean production of gas and oil, thus promoting the high-grade utilization of MBM waste.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the Fodder radish (Raphanus sativus L.) was selected as a raw material and the oil was subjected to thermal cracking at three temperatures, 400, 600 and 800°C.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a multi-dimensional analysis model was developed to determine the working area that provides optimal combustion process conditions, based on a comparison of every output parameter to its corresponding limit value.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the use of nanomaterials as catalysts and the valorization of lipid-rich biowastes and lignocellulosic residues is discussed.
Abstract: At present, the majority of available road and jet biofuels are produced from oleochemical feedstocks that include vegetable oils and biowastes such as waste cooking oils and animal fats. Additionally, one of the most promising ways to achieve long-term environmental goals is to sustainably use lignocellulosic residues. These resources must be treated through a deoxygenation process and subsequent upgrading processes to obtain high-quality road and jet biofuels. Accordingly, in this review, we explore recent advancements in the deoxygenation of oleochemical and lignocellulosic feedstocks in the absence of hydrogen to produce high-quality road and jet biofuels, mainly focusing on the use of nanomaterials as catalysts and the valorization of lipid-rich biowastes and lignocellulosic residues. As a result, we found that regardless of the catalyst particle size, the coexistence of basic sites and weak/medium acid sites is highly important in catalytic systems. Basic sites can enhance the removal of oxygenates via decarboxylation and decarbonylation reactions and inhibit coke formation, while weak/medium acid sites can enhance the cracking reaction. Additionally, the extraction of value-added derivatives from lignocellulosic residues and their subsequent upgrade require the use of advanced methods such as the lignin-first approach and condensation reactions.
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TL;DR: In this article , a mathematical regression model is developed using RSM for prediction purposes to evaluate the dispersion behavior and thermophysical properties of formulated nanofluids such as density, rheological and thermal conductivity.
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References
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TL;DR: A review of the recent developments in the wood pyrolysis and reports the characteristics of the resulting bio-oils, which are the main products of fast wood pyrotechnics, can be found in this paper.
Abstract: Fast pyrolysis utilizes biomass to produce a product that is used both as an energy source and a feedstock for chemical production. Considerable efforts have been made to convert wood biomass to liquid fuels and chemicals since the oil crisis in mid-1970s. This review focuses on the recent developments in the wood pyrolysis and reports the characteristics of the resulting bio-oils, which are the main products of fast wood pyrolysis. Virtually any form of biomass can be considered for fast pyrolysis. Most work has been performed on wood, because of its consistency and comparability between tests. However, nearly 100 types of biomass have been tested, ranging from agricultural wastes such as straw, olive pits, and nut shells to energy crops such as miscanthus and sorghum. Forestry wastes such as bark and thinnings and other solid wastes, including sewage sludge and leather wastes, have also been studied. In this review, the main (although not exclusive) emphasis has been given to wood. The literature on woo...
4,988 citations
"Pyrolysis of waste animal fats in a..." refers background in this paper
...For bio-oils from lignocellulosic biomass, the molecular composition is quite different since typical chemical substances related to the original polymers – cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin – can be found (such as phenolic compounds: phenols, guaiacols, syringols and furans) besides the fatty acids, alkanes, alkenes, amides, aldehydes (Mohan et al., 2006)....
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TL;DR: Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters), which is derived from triglycerides by transesterification with methanol, has attracted considerable attention during the past decade as a renewable, biodegradable, and nontoxic fuel.
2,185 citations
"Pyrolysis of waste animal fats in a..." refers background in this paper
...Main research developed in the area of bio-fuels from fatty materials concerns bio-diesel production through transesterification process (Srivastava and Prasad, 2000; Fukuda et al., 2001; Demirbas, 2003; Tashtoush et al., 2004; Phan and Phan, 2008; Sabudak and Yildiz, 2010)....
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TL;DR: In this article, a review of thermal conversion processes and particularly the reactors that have been developed to provide the necessary conditions to optimise performance is presented, and the main technical and non-technical barriers to implementation are identified.
1,760 citations
"Pyrolysis of waste animal fats in a..." refers background or methods in this paper
...(Zanzi et al., 1996; Bridgwater, 2003)....
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...Pyrolysis is a thermal decomposition of organic substances under oxygen-deficient circumstances into various phases: liquid products (condensable vapors at cooling temperature); carbon-rich solid residues (bio-char); gaseous products (syngas which were not condensable gases) (Maschio et al., 1992; Bridgwater, 2003)....
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...Thermochemical processes include gasification, pyrolysis and combustion (Bridgwater, 2003; Goyal et al., 2008)....
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...%) for pyrolytic oils from different biomass resources (Bridgwater, 2003; Onay and Kochar, 2003; Demirbas, 2007; Ndiaye, 2008)....
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...The liquid product (bio-oil or pyrolytic oil), which is a complex mixture of oxygenated hydrocarbons and water, can be used directly as a liquid fuel or as source of synthetic chemical feedstocks (Bridgwater, 2003; Blin et al., 2007; Maher and Bressler, 2007)....
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TL;DR: The main advantages of using biodiesel are its renewability, better-quality exhaust gas emissions, its biodegradability and given that all the organic carbon present is photosynthetic in origin, it does not contribute to a rise in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and consequently to the greenhouse effect as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Efforts are under way in many countries, including India, to search for suitable alternative diesel fuels that are environment friendly. The need to search for these fuels arises mainly from the standpoint of preserving the global environment and the concern about long-term supplies of conventional hydrocarbon-based diesel fuels. Among the different possible sources, diesel fuels derived from triglycerides (vegetable oils/animal fats) present a promising alternative to substitute diesel fuels. Although triglycerides can fuel diesel engines, their high viscosities, low volatilities and poor cold flow properties have led to the investigation of various derivatives. Fatty acid methyl esters, known as biodiesel, derived from triglycerides by transesterification with methanol have received the most attention. The main advantages of using biodiesel are its renewability, better-quality exhaust gas emissions, its biodegradability and given that all the organic carbon present is photosynthetic in origin, it does not contribute to a rise in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and consequently to the greenhouse effect.
1,733 citations
"Pyrolysis of waste animal fats in a..." refers background in this paper
...Main research developed in the area of bio-fuels from fatty materials concerns bio-diesel production through transesterification process (Srivastava and Prasad, 2000; Fukuda et al., 2001; Demirbas, 2003; Tashtoush et al., 2004; Phan and Phan, 2008; Sabudak and Yildiz, 2010)....
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...In comparison to GC–MS compositions of bio-oils produced from triglycerides materials pyrolysis, great similarities in the detected compounds can be found (Srivastava and Prasad, 2000; Lima et al., 2004)....
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TL;DR: Fast pyrolysis for production of liquids has developed considerably since the first experiments in the late 1970s as mentioned in this paper, leading to significant advances in process development and a wide range of reactor configurations that have been developed to meet the stringent requirements for high yields of useful liquids, for use as a fuel in boilers, engines and turbines and as a source of chemical commodities.
Abstract: Fast pyrolysis for production of liquids has developed considerably since the first experiments in the late 1970s. Many reactors and processes have been investigated and developed to the point where fast pyrolysis is now an accepted feasible and viable route to renewable liquid fuels, chemicals and derived products. It is also now clear that liquid products offer significant advantages in storage and transport over gas and heat. These advantages have caused greater attention to be paid to fast pyrolysis, leading to significant advances in process development. The technology of fast pyrolysis for liquids is noteworthy for the wide range of reactor configurations that have been developed to meet the stringent requirements for high yields of useful liquids, for use as a fuel in boilers, engines and turbines and as a source of chemical commodities. This review summarizes the key features of fast pyrolysis and the resultant liquid product and describes the major reaction systems and processes that have been developed over the last 20 years.
1,686 citations