Pyrolysis of Wood/Biomass for Bio-oil: A Critical Review
TL;DR: A review of the recent developments in the wood pyrolysis and reports the characteristics of the resulting bio-oils, which are the main products of fast wood pyrotechnics, can be found in this paper.
Abstract: Fast pyrolysis utilizes biomass to produce a product that is used both as an energy source and a feedstock for chemical production. Considerable efforts have been made to convert wood biomass to liquid fuels and chemicals since the oil crisis in mid-1970s. This review focuses on the recent developments in the wood pyrolysis and reports the characteristics of the resulting bio-oils, which are the main products of fast wood pyrolysis. Virtually any form of biomass can be considered for fast pyrolysis. Most work has been performed on wood, because of its consistency and comparability between tests. However, nearly 100 types of biomass have been tested, ranging from agricultural wastes such as straw, olive pits, and nut shells to energy crops such as miscanthus and sorghum. Forestry wastes such as bark and thinnings and other solid wastes, including sewage sludge and leather wastes, have also been studied. In this review, the main (although not exclusive) emphasis has been given to wood. The literature on woo...
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TL;DR: Hydrogen Production by Water−Gas Shift Reaction 4056 4.1.
Abstract: 1.0. Introduction 4044 2.0. Biomass Chemistry and Growth Rates 4047 2.1. Lignocellulose and Starch-Based Plants 4047 2.2. Triglyceride-Producing Plants 4049 2.3. Algae 4050 2.4. Terpenes and Rubber-Producing Plants 4052 3.0. Biomass Gasification 4052 3.1. Gasification Chemistry 4052 3.2. Gasification Reactors 4054 3.3. Supercritical Gasification 4054 3.4. Solar Gasification 4055 3.5. Gas Conditioning 4055 4.0. Syn-Gas Utilization 4056 4.1. Hydrogen Production by Water−Gas Shift Reaction 4056
7,067 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an updated review on fast pyrolysis of biomass for production of a liquid usually referred to as bio-oil is provided, including the major reaction systems.
Abstract: This paper provides an updated review on fast pyrolysis of biomass for production of a liquid usually referred to as bio-oil. The technology of fast pyrolysis is described including the major reaction systems. The primary liquid product is characterised by reference to the many properties that impact on its use. These properties have caused increasingly extensive research to be undertaken to address properties that need modification and this area is reviewed in terms of physical, catalytic and chemical upgrading. Of particular note is the increasing diversity of methods and catalysts and particularly the complexity and sophistication of multi-functional catalyst systems. It is also important to see more companies involved in this technology area and increased take-up of evolving upgrading processes. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
3,727 citations
TL;DR: Biomass is an important feedstock for the renewable production of fuels, chemicals, and energy, and it recently surpassed hydroelectric energy as the largest domestic source of renewable energy.
Abstract: Biomass is an important feedstock for the renewable production of fuels, chemicals, and energy. As of 2005, over 3% of the total energy consumption in the United States was supplied by biomass, and it recently surpassed hydroelectric energy as the largest domestic source of renewable energy. Similarly, the European Union received 66.1% of its renewable energy from biomass, which thus surpassed the total combined contribution from hydropower, wind power, geothermal energy, and solar power. In addition to energy, the production of chemicals from biomass is also essential; indeed, the only renewable source of liquid transportation fuels is currently obtained from biomass.
3,644 citations
TL;DR: Strong acids and bases seem to be the best desorbing agents to produce arsenic concentrates, and some commercial adsorbents which include resins, gels, silica, treated silica tested for arsenic removal come out to be superior.
3,168 citations
TL;DR: Due to complexity of soil-water system in nature, the effectiveness of biochars on remediation of various organic/inorganic contaminants is still uncertain.
3,163 citations
Cites background or methods from "Pyrolysis of Wood/Biomass for Bio-o..."
...Pyrolysis is generally divided into fast, intermediate, and slow depending on the residence time and temperature (Table 1; Mohan et al., 2006)....
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...However, bioenergy production is dependent on the pyrolysis conditions, in which the slow pyrolysis results in a lower yield of liquid fuel and more biochar, whereas the fast pyrolysis generates more liquid fuel (bio-oil) with relatively less biochar (Mohan et al., 2006)....
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...Fast pyrolysis with a very short residence time (<2 s) is often used to produce bio-oil from biomass yielding about 75% bio-oil (Mohan et al., 2006)....
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...The resulting gas mixture is known as synthetic gas or syngas (Mohan et al., 2006)....
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...Slow and intermediate pyrolysis processes with a residence time of few minutes to several hours or even days are generally favored for biochar 2009), Mohan et al. (2006), and Sohi et al. (2009)]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a mathematical model based on the core-annulus flow structure is proposed to characterize the two-phase flow and the residence time distribution of solids within the riser of circulating fluidized beds.
65 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a gasification reaction of BDO was carried out at 800 °C under atmospheric pressure in an Inconell tubular fixed-bed down-flow microreactor using mixtures of CO2 and N2, and H2 and n2.
Abstract: Bioresources comprised of over 220 billion oven-dry tonnes (about 4500 EJ) of annual production are potentially the world's largest sustainable source of energy. At present, technologies exist to pyrolyze biomass to produce a liquid product, namely, biomass-derived oil. This biomass-derived oil has found a variety of applications. In this investigation, biomass-derived oil (BDO) is gasified to synthesis gas and gaseous fuels. The gasification reaction of BDO was carried out at 800 °C under atmospheric pressure in an Inconell tubular fixed-bed down-flow microreactor using mixtures of CO2 and N2, and H2 and N2. Also, steam gasification was performed by feeding biomass-derived oil at a flow rate of 5 g/h along with steam (2.5−10 g/h) and nitrogen (30 mL/min) as a carrier gas. The gas product essentially consisted of H2, CO, CO2, CH4, C2, C3, and C4+ components. Composition of various gas components ranged as syngas (H2 + CO) from 75 to 80 mol % including 48−52 mol % H2, and CH4 from 12 to 18 mol %. Heating v...
64 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a mathematical model for mass and heat transport during rapid pyrolysis of small cellulose particles is presented, which is a useful tool for comparing the importance of different physical and chemical processes and for predicting trends in product yields at different conditions.
Abstract: A mathematical model is presented which describes mass and heat transport during rapid pyrolysis of small cellulose particles. Radiative heat transfer within porous cellulose is modelled using the method of zones. The kinetic model for pyrolysis is extended to include secondary decomposition of condensible liquids (tars) formed. Solution of the governing equations shows that radiation substantially increases the overall energy flux into cellulose at high temperatures, and that condensible product yield decreases when large temperature gradients are present in the solid. The model is a useful tool for comparing the importance of different physical and chemical processes in pyrolysis and for predicting trends in product yields at different conditions.
64 citations
TL;DR: Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and pyrolysis-molecular beam mass spectrometry (py-MBMS) analysis can be used in conjunction with multivariate regression and principal components analysis to differentiate brown-rot-degraded wood from non-degRaded spruce and to follow the temporal changes in wood undergoingbrown-rot degradation.
Abstract: Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and pyrolysis-molecular beam mass spectrometry (py-MBMS) analysis can be used in conjunction with multivariate regression and principal components analysis to differentiate brown-rot-degraded wood from non-degraded spruce and to follow the temporal changes in wood undergoing brown-rot degradation. Regression of NIR test results vs. percent weight loss for Postia placenta- and Gloeophyllum trabeum-infected spruce wood blocks yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.96. Regression of MBMS test results for the same samples yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.96. Principle components analysis was used to differentiate non-infected wood and P. placenta- and G. trabeum-infected wood. These techniques may be used to detect different types of biodegradation and to develop a better understanding of the chemical changes that the wood undergoes when it is subjected to brown-rot biodegradation.
63 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the pyrolysis under vacuum of sugarcane bagasse combined with petroleum residue (PR), in terms of yields and properties of the products obtained, was studied.
62 citations