Pyrolysis of Wood/Biomass for Bio-oil: A Critical Review
TL;DR: A review of the recent developments in the wood pyrolysis and reports the characteristics of the resulting bio-oils, which are the main products of fast wood pyrotechnics, can be found in this paper.
Abstract: Fast pyrolysis utilizes biomass to produce a product that is used both as an energy source and a feedstock for chemical production. Considerable efforts have been made to convert wood biomass to liquid fuels and chemicals since the oil crisis in mid-1970s. This review focuses on the recent developments in the wood pyrolysis and reports the characteristics of the resulting bio-oils, which are the main products of fast wood pyrolysis. Virtually any form of biomass can be considered for fast pyrolysis. Most work has been performed on wood, because of its consistency and comparability between tests. However, nearly 100 types of biomass have been tested, ranging from agricultural wastes such as straw, olive pits, and nut shells to energy crops such as miscanthus and sorghum. Forestry wastes such as bark and thinnings and other solid wastes, including sewage sludge and leather wastes, have also been studied. In this review, the main (although not exclusive) emphasis has been given to wood. The literature on woo...
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TL;DR: Hydrogen Production by Water−Gas Shift Reaction 4056 4.1.
Abstract: 1.0. Introduction 4044 2.0. Biomass Chemistry and Growth Rates 4047 2.1. Lignocellulose and Starch-Based Plants 4047 2.2. Triglyceride-Producing Plants 4049 2.3. Algae 4050 2.4. Terpenes and Rubber-Producing Plants 4052 3.0. Biomass Gasification 4052 3.1. Gasification Chemistry 4052 3.2. Gasification Reactors 4054 3.3. Supercritical Gasification 4054 3.4. Solar Gasification 4055 3.5. Gas Conditioning 4055 4.0. Syn-Gas Utilization 4056 4.1. Hydrogen Production by Water−Gas Shift Reaction 4056
7,067 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an updated review on fast pyrolysis of biomass for production of a liquid usually referred to as bio-oil is provided, including the major reaction systems.
Abstract: This paper provides an updated review on fast pyrolysis of biomass for production of a liquid usually referred to as bio-oil. The technology of fast pyrolysis is described including the major reaction systems. The primary liquid product is characterised by reference to the many properties that impact on its use. These properties have caused increasingly extensive research to be undertaken to address properties that need modification and this area is reviewed in terms of physical, catalytic and chemical upgrading. Of particular note is the increasing diversity of methods and catalysts and particularly the complexity and sophistication of multi-functional catalyst systems. It is also important to see more companies involved in this technology area and increased take-up of evolving upgrading processes. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
3,727 citations
TL;DR: Biomass is an important feedstock for the renewable production of fuels, chemicals, and energy, and it recently surpassed hydroelectric energy as the largest domestic source of renewable energy.
Abstract: Biomass is an important feedstock for the renewable production of fuels, chemicals, and energy. As of 2005, over 3% of the total energy consumption in the United States was supplied by biomass, and it recently surpassed hydroelectric energy as the largest domestic source of renewable energy. Similarly, the European Union received 66.1% of its renewable energy from biomass, which thus surpassed the total combined contribution from hydropower, wind power, geothermal energy, and solar power. In addition to energy, the production of chemicals from biomass is also essential; indeed, the only renewable source of liquid transportation fuels is currently obtained from biomass.
3,644 citations
TL;DR: Strong acids and bases seem to be the best desorbing agents to produce arsenic concentrates, and some commercial adsorbents which include resins, gels, silica, treated silica tested for arsenic removal come out to be superior.
3,168 citations
TL;DR: Due to complexity of soil-water system in nature, the effectiveness of biochars on remediation of various organic/inorganic contaminants is still uncertain.
3,163 citations
Cites background or methods from "Pyrolysis of Wood/Biomass for Bio-o..."
...Pyrolysis is generally divided into fast, intermediate, and slow depending on the residence time and temperature (Table 1; Mohan et al., 2006)....
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...However, bioenergy production is dependent on the pyrolysis conditions, in which the slow pyrolysis results in a lower yield of liquid fuel and more biochar, whereas the fast pyrolysis generates more liquid fuel (bio-oil) with relatively less biochar (Mohan et al., 2006)....
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...Fast pyrolysis with a very short residence time (<2 s) is often used to produce bio-oil from biomass yielding about 75% bio-oil (Mohan et al., 2006)....
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...The resulting gas mixture is known as synthetic gas or syngas (Mohan et al., 2006)....
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...Slow and intermediate pyrolysis processes with a residence time of few minutes to several hours or even days are generally favored for biochar 2009), Mohan et al. (2006), and Sohi et al. (2009)]....
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TL;DR: The NREL Fast Ablative Pyrolysis Technology was employed to generate oils from various biomass feedstocks as discussed by the authors, and the results showed that the oil yield from wood (64 percent) was higher than from herbaceous species (51 percent).
Abstract: The NREL Fast Ablative Pyrolysis Technology was employed to generate oils from various biomass feedstocks The oil yield from wood (64 percent) was higher than from herbaceous species (51 percent) Biomass oils have potential to be used as fuel though their properties are different from those of petroleum derived oils They are multicomponent mixtures containing various groups of organic compounds such as sugars, aldehydes, acids, and phenolics The density of the oils is about 12 g/ml and the pH is in the range 25-37 The viscosity of 20-80 cP (at 45°C) corresponds to that of No 6 fuel oil The high heating value for the biomass oils is in the range of 225-24 4 MJ/kg on a water-free basis Considering the highest oil yields, it corresponds to approximately 65 percent of the wood heating value transferred to the oil
49 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, thermal decomposition of balsam fir and white spruce mixed bark residues at 450°C and under vacuum was conducted using two brown-rot fungi (Postia placenta and Gloeophyllum trabeum) and two white-rot fungus (Irpex lacteus and Trametes versicolor ).
Abstract: Thermal decomposition of balsam fir and white spruce mixed bark residues at 450°C and under vacuum ( Petri dish bioassays were conducted using two brown-rot fungi ( Postia placenta and Gloeophyllum trabeum ) and two white-rot fungi ( Irpex lacteus and Trametes versicolor ). The fraction obtained by ethyl ether extraction and containing organic acids, phenols, and phenol-derivatives (3.0% by weight), benzenediols, (3.9% by weight) and a variety of other products (quinones, furans, etc.), produced the largest inhibition of the decay fungi, while the neutral fraction, leftovers of the precipitation of the aforementioned fraction, showed no inhibition effects. T. versicolor was most sensitive to these fractions, while I. lacteus was the least. The addition of CuSO 4 to the water-soluble organic compounds improved antifungal activity.
48 citations
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: In this article, a phenolic-rich (PN) component can be extracted from this oil and used as a low-cost replacement for petroleum-derived phenol in phenol formaldehyde (PF) resins.
Abstract: Fast pyrolysis can be used to convert a wide variety of biomass feedstocks into a liquid oil. A phenolic-rich (PN) component can be extracted from this oil and used as a low-cost replacement for petroleum-derived phenol in phenol formaldehyde (PF) resins. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory has developed an extraction process to recover this PN fraction, and it has demonstrated the performance of these PN oils in modified PF wood adhesives. Experience has shown that the performance of PN-PF wood adhesives depends on the chemical features of the PN.
46 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new coefficient of pyrolytic valorisation was proposed to increase the production of hydrogen or syngas from pyrolyses of straw and fescue in a 550-650°C temperature range.
45 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, a fixed-bed slow and fast pyrolysis experiments were conducted on a sample of hazelnut shell, and the effects of heating rate, pyrolys temperature, particle size, and sweep gas velocity on the pyrolynsis product yields and chemical compositions were investigated.
Abstract: Fixed-bed slow and fast pyrolysis experiments have been conducted on a sample of hazelnut shell. The experiments were performed in two different pyrolysis reactors, a fixed-bed Heinze and a well-swept fixed-bed tubular retort, to investigate the effects of fast pyrolysis on the mass transfer limitations. The effects of heating rate, pyrolysis temperature, particle size, and sweep gas velocity on the pyrolysis product yields and chemical compositions have been investigated. In a Heinze retort, the maximum oil yield of 22.5% was obtained in a sweeping gas atmosphere (100 cm 3 /min N 2 ) at the particle size range of 0.85 < D p < 1.8 mm, pyrolysis temperature of 550°C, and heating rate of 7°C/min. In a well-swept fixed-bed reactor, the maximum oil yield of 34% was obtained in a sweeping gas atmosphere, with a heating rate of 300°C/min. The chemical characterization has shown that the oil obtained from hazelnut shell can be used as a renewable fuel and chemical feedstock.
41 citations