Qualitative Research Methods for Health Professionals

Book•

Qualitative Research Methods for Health Professionals

09 Jun 1995-

TL;DR: The Purpose of Qualitative Research Qualitative Approaches An Overview Principles of Conceptualizing a Qualitative Project Principles of Doing Research principles of Data Collection Principles of Data Analysis Qualitative Approach Reporting Qualitative research as discussed by the authors

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Abstract: The Purpose of Qualitative Research Qualitative Approaches An Overview Principles of Conceptualizing a Qualitative Project Principles of Doing Research Principles of Data Collection Principles of Data Analysis Qualitative Approaches Reporting Qualitative Research

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Journal Article•DOI•

Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis

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Hsiu-Fang Hsieh¹, Sarah E. Shannon²•Institutions (2)

Fooyin University¹, University of Washington²

01 Nov 2005-Qualitative Health Research

TL;DR: The authors delineate analytic procedures specific to each approach and techniques addressing trustworthiness with hypothetical examples drawn from the area of end-of-life care.

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Abstract: Content analysis is a widely used qualitative research technique. Rather than being a single method, current applications of content analysis show three distinct approaches: conventional, directed, or summative. All three approaches are used to interpret meaning from the content of text data and, hence, adhere to the naturalistic paradigm. The major differences among the approaches are coding schemes, origins of codes, and threats to trustworthiness. In conventional content analysis, coding categories are derived directly from the text data. With a directed approach, analysis starts with a theory or relevant research findings as guidance for initial codes. A summative content analysis involves counting and comparisons, usually of keywords or content, followed by the interpretation of the underlying context. The authors delineate analytic procedures specific to each approach and techniques addressing trustworthiness with hypothetical examples drawn from the area of end-of-life care.

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31,398 citations

Cites background or methods from "Qualitative Research Methods for He..."

...The differentiation of content analysis is usually limited to classifying it as primarily a qualitative versus quantitative research method....
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...Atree diagram can be developed to help in organizing these categories into a hierarchical structure (Morse & Field, 1995)....
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...In this analysis, the focus is on discovering underlying meanings of the words or the content (Babbie, 1992; Catanzaro, 1988; Morse & Field, 1995)....
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...Asearch of content analysis as a subject heading term in the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature produced more than 4,000 articles published between 1991 and 2002....
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...Depending on the purpose of the study, researchers might decide to identify the relationship between categories and subcategories further based on their concurrence, antecedents, or consequences (Morse & Field, 1995)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

The qualitative content analysis process

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Satu Elo¹, Helvi Kyngäs¹•Institutions (1)

University of Oulu¹

01 Apr 2008-Journal of Advanced Nursing

TL;DR: Inductive content analysis is used in cases where there are no previous studies dealing with the phenomenon or when it is fragmented, and a deductive approach is useful if the general aim was to test a previous theory in a different situation or to compare categories at different time periods.

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Abstract: Aim This paper is a description of inductive and deductive content analysis. Background Content analysis is a method that may be used with either qualitative or quantitative data and in an inductive or deductive way. Qualitative content analysis is commonly used in nursing studies but little has been published on the analysis process and many research books generally only provide a short description of this method. Discussion When using content analysis, the aim was to build a model to describe the phenomenon in a conceptual form. Both inductive and deductive analysis processes are represented as three main phases: preparation, organizing and reporting. The preparation phase is similar in both approaches. The concepts are derived from the data in inductive content analysis. Deductive content analysis is used when the structure of analysis is operationalized on the basis of previous knowledge. Conclusion Inductive content analysis is used in cases where there are no previous studies dealing with the phenomenon or when it is fragmented. A deductive approach is useful if the general aim was to test a previous theory in a different situation or to compare categories at different time periods.

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14,963 citations

Additional excerpts

...These approaches have similar preparation phases....
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...Next in the analytic process, the researcher strives to make sense of the data and to learn ‘what is going on’ (Morse & Field 1995) and obtain a sense of whole (Tesch 1990, Burnard 1991)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Choose Your Method: A Comparison of Phenomenology, Discourse Analysis, and Grounded Theory

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Helene Starks¹, Susan Brown Trinidad¹•Institutions (1)

University of Washington¹

01 Dec 2007-Qualitative Health Research

TL;DR: By familiarizing themselves with the origins and details of these approaches, researchers can make better matches between their research question(s) and the goals and products of the study, the authors argue.

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Abstract: The purpose of this article is to compare three qualitative approaches that can be used in health research: phenomenology, discourse analysis, and grounded theory. The authors include a model that summarizes similarities and differences among the approaches, with attention to their historical development, goals, methods, audience, and products. They then illustrate how these approaches differ by applying them to the same data set. The goal in phenomenology is to study how people make meaning of their lived experience; discourse analysis examines how language is used to accomplish personal, social, and political projects; and grounded theory develops explanatory theories of basic social processes studied in context. The authors argue that by familiarizing themselves with the origins and details of these approaches, researchers can make better matches between their research question(s) and the goals and products of the study.

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2,494 citations

Cites methods from "Qualitative Research Methods for He..."

...Interpretive analysis is an iterative, inductive process of decontextualization and recontextualization (Ayres, Kavanaugh, & Knafl, 2003; Morse & Field, 1995)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Qualitative Research Designs: Selection and Implementation

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John W. Creswell¹, William E. Hanson², Vicki L. Clark Plano¹, Alejandro Morales¹•Institutions (2)

University of Nebraska–Lincoln¹, Purdue University²

01 Mar 2007-The Counseling Psychologist

TL;DR: The authors provided a detailed discussion about five qualitative approaches (i.e., narrative research, case study research, grounded theory, phenomenology, and participatory action research) as alternative qualitative procedures useful in understanding test interpretation.

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Abstract: Counseling psychologists face many approaches from which to choose when they conduct a qualitative research study. This article focuses on the processes of selecting, contrasting, and implementing five different qualitative approaches. Based on an extended example related to test interpretation by counselors, clients, and communities, this article provides a detailed discussion about five qualitative approaches— narrative research; case study research; grounded theory; phenomenology; and participatory action research—as alternative qualitative procedures useful in understanding test interpretation. For each approach, the authors offer perspectives about historical origins, definition, variants, and the procedures of research.

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2,409 citations

Additional excerpts

...We highlight two approaches to phenomenology in this discussion: hermeneutic phenomenology (van Manen, 1990) and empirical, transcendental, or psychological phenomenology (Moustakas, 1994). van Manen (1990) is widely cited in the health literature (Morse & Field, 1995)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Understanding and evaluating qualitative research

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Ellie Fossey¹, Carol Harvey², Fiona McDermott², Larry Davidson³•Institutions (3)

La Trobe University¹, University of Melbourne², Yale University³

01 Dec 2002-Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry

TL;DR: This paper aims to provide beginning researchers, and those unfamiliar with qualitative research, with an orientation to the principles that inform the evaluation of the design, conduct, findings and interpretation of qualitative research.

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Abstract: Qualitative research aims to address questions concerned with developing an understanding of the meaning and experience dimensions of humans' lives and social worlds. Central to good qualitative research is whether the research participants' subjective meanings, actions and social contexts, as understood by them, are illuminated. This paper aims to provide beginning researchers, and those unfamiliar with qualitative research, with an orientation to the principles that inform the evaluation of the design, conduct, findings and interpretation of qualitative research. It orients the reader to two philosophical perspectives, the interpretive and critical research paradigms, which underpin both the qualitative research methodologies most often used in mental health research, and how qualitative research is evaluated. Criteria for evaluating quality are interconnected with standards for ethics in qualitative research. They include principles for good practice in the conduct of qualitative research, and for trustworthiness in the interpretation of qualitative data. The paper reviews these criteria, and discusses how they may be used to evaluate qualitative research presented in research reports. These principles also offer some guidance about the conduct of sound qualitative research for the beginner qualitative researcher.

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2,098 citations

Cites background from "Qualitative Research Methods for He..."

...people, places, events, types of data) so as to address the research question and to develop a full description of the phenomenon being studied [5,34]....
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...Sampling and recruitment Qualitative sampling is concerned with informationrichness [33], for which two key considerations should guide the sampling methods: appropriateness and adequacy [34]....
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Qualitative Research Methods for Health Professionals

Citations

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