Quality-by-Design Approach Development, Characterization, and In Vitro Release Mechanism Elucidation of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Quetiapine Fumarate Oral Delivery
TL;DR: In this paper, a new nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) formulation was developed for the oral delivery of quetiapine fumarate (QTF) and assess the drug's in vitro release mechanism through gastric and intestinal conditions.
Abstract: The objective of this work was to develop a new nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) formulation for the oral delivery of quetiapine fumarate (QTF) and assess the drug’s in vitro release mechanism through gastric and intestinal conditions. A preformulation study was conducted to select the most suitable components and solid-to-liquid lipid ratio for the formulation of nanoparticles. Then, a central composite design was employed to optimize the development of NLC and to study the effect of lipid and surfactant percentages on the physical characteristics of the preparation. The optimal formulation was subjected to physicochemical characterization and stability study. An in vitro release assay using simulated gastrointestinal fluids was performed to study the QTF release mechanism. The optimal formulation showed good particle size, PDI, and zeta potential of 179.2 ± 2.6 nm, 0.220 ± 0.020, and −33.63 ± 0.23 mV, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency and the loading capacity were 84.49 ± 1.25% and 2.6 ± 0.03%, respectively. DSC and FTIR analysis showed compatibility between QTF and other components of the formulation and successful encapsulation of the drug within lipid nanoparticles. The optimal formulation also showed good long-term stability at 4 °C storage temperature. The in vitro release of QTF followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. The study demonstrated that QTF was mainly released by diffusion mechanism in the gastric medium, and by erosion and anomalous transport in the intestinal medium. NLC represents a suitable formulation for the oral delivery of QTF. Further studies should investigate the oral absorption and lymphatic transport potential of the optimized formulation.
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TL;DR: The optimum glycerosomal formula may be regarded as a promising carrier to enhance the oral bioavailability and brain delivery of Quetiapine fumarate.
Abstract: This study aimed to formulate and statistically optimize glycerosomal formulations of Quetiapine fumarate (QTF) to increase its oral bioavailability and enhance its brain delivery. The study was designed using a Central composite rotatable design using Design-Expert® software. The independent variables in the study were glycerol % w/v and cholesterol % w/v, while the dependent variables were vesicle size (VS), zeta potential (ZP), and entrapment efficiency percent (EE%). The numerical optimization process resulted in an optimum formula composed of 29.645 (w/v%) glycerol, 0.8 (w/v%) cholesterol, and 5 (w/v%) lecithin. It showed a vesicle size of 290.4 nm, zeta potential of −34.58, and entrapment efficiency of 80.85%. The optimum formula was further characterized for DSC, XRD, TEM, in-vitro release, the effect of aging, and pharmacokinetic study. DSC thermogram confirmed the compatibility of the drug with the ingredients. XRD revealed the encapsulation of the drug in the glycerosomal nanovesicles. TEM image revealed spherical vesicles with no aggregates. Additionally, it showed enhanced drug release when compared to a drug suspension and also exhibited good stability for one month. Moreover, it showed higher brain Cmax, AUC0–24, and AUC0–∞ and plasma AUC0–24 and AUC0–∞ in comparison to drug suspension. It showed brain and plasma bioavailability enhancement of 153.15 and 179.85%, respectively, compared to the drug suspension. So, the optimum glycerosomal formula may be regarded as a promising carrier to enhance the oral bioavailability and brain delivery of Quetiapine fumarate.
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TL;DR: In this paper , Simvastatin-loaded cubosomes were prepared using the emulsification method using different glyceryl monooleate, Pluronic F127 (PF-127), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) ratios.
Abstract: Various factors limit the use of simvastatin as an anticancer drug. Therefore, this study aimed to analyse simvastatin (SIM)-loaded cubosome efficacy against breast cancer. SIM-loaded cubosomes were prepared using the emulsification method using different glyceryl monooleate, Pluronic F127 (PF-127), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) ratios. The best cubosomal formula was subjected to an in vitro cytotoxicity analysis using the human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231 (MDA) (ATCC, HTB-26), and formulated as oral disintegrating tablets through direct compression. PF-127 and PVA positively affected drug loading, and the entrapment efficiency percentage of different SIM-cubosomal formulations ranged from 33.52% to 80.80%. Vesicle size ranged from 181.9 ± 0.50 to 316.6 ± 1.25 nm. PF-127 enhanced in vitro SIM release from cubosome formulations due to its solubilising action on SIM. The in vitro dissolution analysis indicated that SIM exhibited an initial dissolution of 10.4 ± 0.25% within the first 5 min, and 63.5 ± 0.29% of the loaded drug was released after 1 h. Moreover, cubosome formula F3 at 25 and 50 µg/mL doses significantly decreased MDA cell viability compared to the 12.5 µg/mL dose. The untreated SIM suspension and drug-free cubosomes at all doses had no significant influence on MDA cell viability compared to the control.
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4,794 citations
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TL;DR: The mechanisms by which lipids and lipidic excipients affect the oral absorption of lipophilic drugs are detailed and a perspective on the possible future applications of lipid-based delivery systems is provided.
Abstract: Highly potent, but poorly water-soluble, drug candidates are common outcomes of contemporary drug discovery programmes and present a number of challenges to drug development - most notably, the issue of reduced systemic exposure after oral administration. However, it is increasingly apparent that formulations containing natural and/or synthetic lipids present a viable means for enhancing the oral bioavailability of some poorly water-soluble, highly lipophilic drugs. This Review details the mechanisms by which lipids and lipidic excipients affect the oral absorption of lipophilic drugs and provides a perspective on the possible future applications of lipid-based delivery systems. Particular emphasis has been placed on the capacity of lipids to enhance drug solubilization in the intestinal milieu, recruit intestinal lymphatic drug transport (and thereby reduce first-pass drug metabolism) and alter enterocyte-based drug transport and disposition.
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TL;DR: A special preparation process-applicable to NLC but also SLN-allows the production of highly concentrated particle dispersions (>30-95%).
981 citations