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Journal ArticleDOI

Quantitative Determination of the Effects of He–Ne Laser Irradiation on Seed Thermodynamics, Germination Attributes and Metabolites of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in Relation with the Activities of Germination Enzymes

TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of different doses (100, 300, and 500 mJ) of low power He-Ne laser (632.8 nm) irradiation on seed germination and thermodynamics attributes and activities of potential germinating enzymes in relation with changes in seed metabolites.
Abstract: The present investigation was undertaken to assess the effects of different doses (100, 300, and 500 mJ) of low power He–Ne laser (632.8 nm) irradiation on seed germination and thermodynamics attributes and activities of potential germinating enzymes in relation with changes in seed metabolites. He–Ne laser seed irradiation increased the amylase (Amy), protease (Pro) and glucosidase (Gluco) activities, with a significant improvement in seed thermodynamics and seed germination attributes. A fast increase was found in free fatty acids (FFA), free amino acids (FAA), chlorophyll (Chl), carotenoids (Car), total soluble sugars (TSS) and reducing sugars (RS) in laser treated seeds in parallel with fast decline in seed oil contents and total soluble proteins (TSP). Significant positive correlations were recorded in laser-induced enhanced seed energy levels, germination, activities of germination enzymes with levels of FAA, FFA, Chl, TSS and RS, but a negative correlation with the levels of TSP and oil. In conclusion, the seed treatment with 100 and 300 mJ He–Ne laser was more effective to improve the seed germination potential associated with an improvement in seed energy levels due to increased activities of germination enzymes due to the speedy breakdown of seed reserves to simple metabolites as building blocks.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review summarizes the data on Zn interaction with plants and contributes towards the knowledge of Zn NPs and its impact on plants.
Abstract: Zinc (Zn) is plant micronutrient, which is involved in many physiological functions, and an inadequate supply will reduce crop yields. Its deficiency is the widest spread micronutrient deficiency problem; almost all crops and calcareous, sandy soils, as well as peat soils and soils with high phosphorus and silicon content are expected to be deficient. In addition, Zn is essential for growth in animals, human beings, and plants; it is vital to crop nutrition as it is required in various enzymatic reactions, metabolic processes, and oxidation reduction reactions. Finally, there is a lot of attention on the Zn nanoparticles (NPs) due to our understanding of different forms of Zn, as well as its uptake and integration in the plants, which could be the primary step toward the larger use of NPs of Zn in agriculture. Nanotechnology application in agriculture has been increasing over recent years and constitutes a valuable tool in reaching the goal of sustainable food production worldwide. A wide array of nanomaterials has been used to develop strategies of delivery of bioactive compounds aimed at boosting the production and protection of crops. ZnO-NPs, a multifunctional material with distinct properties and their doped counterparts, were widely being studied in different fields of science. However, its application in environmental waste treatment and many other managements, such as remediation, is starting to gain attention due to its low cost and high productivity. Nano-agrochemicals are a combination of nanotechnology with agrochemicals that have resulted in nano-fertilizers, nano-herbicides, nano-fungicides, nano-pesticides, and nano-insecticides being developed. They have anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and optical capabilities. Green approaches using plants, fungi, bacteria, and algae have been implemented due to the high rate of harmful chemicals and severe situations used in the manufacturing of the NPs. This review summarizes the data on Zn interaction with plants and contributes towards the knowledge of Zn NPs and its impact on plants.

30 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the beneficial role of two different kinds of (S)-fertilizer in the phytoremediation of Cd contaminated soil through Solanum nigrum L. was assessed.
Abstract: Soil contamination with toxic heavy metals [such as cadmium (Cd)] is becoming a serious global problem due to the rapid development of the social economy. This study was carried out to assess the beneficial role of two different kinds of (S)-fertilizer in the phytoremediation of Cd contaminated soil through Solanum nigrum L. Gypsum (Gyp) and Elemental sulfur (ES) was applied alone and in combination with different ratios (0, 100:0, 0:100, 50:50 mg kg-1) accompanied by different Cd levels (0, 25, 50 mg kg-1). After seventy days of sowing, plants were harvested for determination of growth, physiological characteristics, oxidants and antioxidants, along with Cd uptake from different parts of the plant. Cd toxicity significantly inhibited growth, physiology and plant defence systems, and also increased Cd uptake in the roots and shoots of Solanum nigrum L. The application of Gyp 100 mg kg-1 boosted plant growth and physiology along with oxidants and antioxidants activity as compared to ES 100 mg kg-1 alone, and combine application of GYP+ES 50 + 50 mg kg-1. The application of ES 100 mg kg-1 showed an effective approach to decreasing Cd uptake as compared to Gyp 100 mg kg-1. Overall results showed that the combined application of GYP+ES 50 + 50 mg kg-1 significantly enhanced the phytoremediation potential of S. nigrum in Cd contaminated soil. Thus, it is highly recommended to apply the combined application of GYP+ES for phytoremediation of Cd contaminated soil.

9 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: It is concluded that the germination inhibition by FR in tomato seed consists of a low-fluence response and a high irradiance response (HIR); the latter is controlled by phyA, but not phyB1.
Abstract: Far-red light (FR) inhibition of seed germination of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was studied with the phytochrome (phy)-hypersensitive mutants, hp-1w, hp-1w,fri1, a phyA-deficient double mutant, and hp-1w,tri1, a phyB1-deficient double mutant. Seeds of all mutants germinated readily in the dark at 25 degrees C, and the germination was retarded by a single 100-s FR pulse given 1-3 h after sowing. The effect of an FR pulse was red-light reversible in all mutants used. After 24 h where a single FR pulse was no longer effective, prolonged FR exposure or hourly FR pulses suppressed germination in hp-1w and hp-1w,tri1, whereas in hp-1w,fri1 the suppressive effect of FR was almost absent. The effect of the prolonged FR was greater than that of the hourly 3-min FR pulses having equal photon fluence, and was fluencerate dependent. Thus we conclude that the germination inhibition by FR in tomato seed consists of a low-fluence response and a high irradiance response (HIR); the latter is controlled by phyA, but not phyB1. This is the first indication of phyA being involved in the HIR of seed germination inhibition.

6 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the authors analyzed the response of caper seeds to light exposure and He-Ne laser light, using both dry seeds and seeds that had been previously soaked in water.
Abstract: Caper seeds present difficulties in their germination, which has been studied by several research teams. It is known that light can release dormancy in some seeds, but its effect on caper seed germination has not yet been deeply studied. The main aim of this study was to analyze the response of caper seeds germination to light exposure. The study analyzed the germination response of seeds to lighting with different wavelengths (white, red, blue, red + blue and darkness) and to the He-Ne laser light, using both dry seeds and seeds that had been previously soaked in water. Overall, it could be stated that caper seeds are insensitive to light during the germination process. Thus, germination could be carried out in lightness or darkness, so germination in nurseries could be carried out in the darkness, leading to substantial energy savings. Caper seed irradiation with a He-Ne laser during short exposure times improved the germination percentage for the seeds previously soaked in water, germinating all viable seeds. However, applying a solution of gibberellic acid was always required in all the cases studied.

4 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, different levels of micronutrients were applied foliarly on grapevines at five different berry developmental stages during two consecutive growing seasons (2018 and 2019).
Abstract: Micronutrient (iron, zinc and boron) deficiencies are a basic and prominent factor affecting grape quality and yield in the Pothwar region. To overcome these deficiencies, different levels of micronutrients were applied foliarly on grapevines at five different berry developmental stages during two consecutive growing seasons (2018 and 2019). The data suggested that foliar treatment of micronutrients significantly increased the yield, number of bunches per vine, bunch weight, yield per vines, bunch length, berry number per cluster, berry diameter, berry weight and cluster compactness. The biochemical quality attributes of berries, including sugars (reducing, non-reducing as well as total sugars), ascorbic acid content, pH and TSS values, were at their highest levels in grapevines supplemented with Fe, Zn and B treatment at 200 ppm, respectively, i.e., the highest concentrations used. Biochemical leaf values, including chlorophyll a and b and leaf micronutrient content (Fe, Zn and B), were also highest in grapevines that were sprayed with Fe, Zn and B at 200 ppm. Overall, the results revealed that the performance of grapevine cv. ‘Flame Seedless’ growing in agroclimatic conditions of the Pothwar region was improved as a result of the foliar application of Fe, Zn and B at 200 ppm. The results also suggested that a further increase in the concentration of each nutrient might be helpful to obtain berries of improved quantity and quality.

3 citations

References
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Journal Article
TL;DR: Procedures are described for measuring protein in solution or after precipitation with acids or other agents, and for the determination of as little as 0.2 gamma of protein.

289,852 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This assay is very reproducible and rapid with the dye binding process virtually complete in approximately 2 min with good color stability for 1 hr with little or no interference from cations such as sodium or potassium nor from carbohydrates such as sucrose.

225,085 citations


"Quantitative Determination of the E..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...Comparatively, the maximum increase in seed internal energy was in seeds treated with 100 mJ followed by 300 mJ. Agronomy 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 19 buffer (pH 7) in a pre-chilled pestle and mortar according to Bradford [43]....

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  • ...buffer (pH 7) in a pre-chilled pestle and mortar according to Bradford [43]....

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  • ...5 g) was homogenized in 5 mL phosphate buffer (pH 7) in a pre-chilled pestle and mortar according to Bradford [43]....

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  • ...Estimation of TSP and FAA Contents of Germinating Seeds The method described by Larson and Beevers [42] was used for the extraction of protein from the germinating seeds and fresh leaf (0.5 g) was homogenized in 5 mL phosphate buffer (pH 7) in a pre-chilled pestle and mortar according to Bradford [43]....

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  • ...After centrifugation, 100 µL of the supernatant was mixed with 5 mL of the Bradford reagent....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a method was developed to determine submicro amounts of sugars and related substances using a phenol-sulfuric acid reaction, which is useful for the determination of the composition of polysaccharides and their methyl derivatives.
Abstract: Simple sugars, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and their derivatives, including the methyl ethers with free or potentially free reducing groups, give an orangeyellow color w-hen treated with phenol and concentrated sulfuric acid. The reaction is sensitive and the color is stable. By use of this phenol-sulfuric acid reaction, a method has been developed to determine submicro amounts of sugars and related substances. In conjunction with paper partition chromatography the method is useful for the determination of the composition of polysaccharides and their methyl derivatives.

45,381 citations


"Quantitative Determination of the E..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...[40] using phenol sulfuric acid assay and RS content was estimated following the Somogyi [41]....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence that a copper enzyme, polyphenoloxidase (otherwise known as tyrosinase or catecholase), is localized in the chloroplasts of spinach beet (chard), Beta vu?garis is presented.
Abstract: The chloroplast, as the seat of chlorophyll pigments in plants, occupies a unique position in the economy of the green cell. In recent years there has been a renewed interest in the reactions and properties of chloroplasts as a result of the work of Hill (11, 12) and Hill and Scarisbrick (13, 14) who demonstrated that the reaction characteristic of photosynthesis in green plants, the evolution of oxygen, occurs in appreciable quantities in isolated chloroplasts under the influence of light and in the presence of suitable oxidants (2, 7, 8, 26). In the course of an investigation of oxygen evolution by isolated chloroplasts it was deemed important to explore their enzymatic composition. Of special interest were considered enzymes capable of participating in oxidation-reduction reactions, and more particularly, those localized principally, if not entirely, in the chloroplasts. This paper presents evidence that a copper enzyme, polyphenoloxidase (otherwise known as tyrosinase or catecholase), is localized in the chloroplasts of spinach beet (chard), Beta vu?garis.

20,139 citations

Journal ArticleDOI

5,607 citations


"Quantitative Determination of the E..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...The content of TSS was estimated following Dubois et al. [40] using phenol sulfuric acid assay and RS content was estimated following the Somogyi [41]....

    [...]

  • ...[40] using phenol sulfuric acid assay and RS content was estimated following the Somogyi [41]....

    [...]