Journal Article•
Quantitative distribution and localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like cells in the stomach of two kidney, one clip rats.
TL;DR: The aim of the present study was to examine the number and distribution of CGRP-containing cells in the pylorus of "two kidney, one clip" (2K1C) renovascular hypertension model in rats and the changes induced by hypertension in the neuroendocrine cells containing C GRP of the rats.
Abstract: The majority of research for the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the stomach in the hypertension has been devoted to the submucosal blood flow, and no attention has been paid to its quantitative distribution in the gastric neuroendocrine cells. The aim of the present study was to examine the number and distribution of CGRP-containing cells in the pylorus of "two kidney, one clip" (2K1C) renovascular hypertension model in rats. The studies were carried out on the stomach of rats. After 6 week period of the renal artery clipping procedure, eight 2K1C rats developed stable hypertension. The hypertension significantly increased the number of endocrine cells pylorus immunoreactive to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antisera. The differences between the hypertensive rats and the control group concerned not only the number of endocrine cells but also their distribution. CGRP participates in the regulation of cardiovascular functions both in normal state and in the pathophysiology of hypertension through interactions with the prohypertensive systems. The changes induced by hypertension in the neuroendocrine cells containing CGRP of the rats are discussed.
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TL;DR: It has been shown that acrylamide induces a significant response of ENS neurons even in TDI dose, which suggests that it is not neutral to the body.
Abstract: Acrylamide is one of the food toxins to which the human body is exposed. Although researchers’ interest in acrylamide has been growing in recent years, the knowledge of its effect on the gastrointestinal tract, especially on intramural neurons which form the enteric nervous system is scarce. The aim of this experiment was to determine the influence of acrylamide, administered at doses equivalent to the human tolerable daily intake (TDI, 0.5 μg/kg b.w./day) and ten times higher than the TDI (5 μg/kg b.w./day), on the distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP), and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) in intramural neurons of the domestic pig stomach. Using double immunofluorescent labelling we revealed that the ENS neurons underwent adaptive changes in response to the supplementation of acrylamide, which manifested themselves as increased expression of VIP, SP and CGRP, both in intramural neurons and by an increase in the nerve density in submucous and muscular layers in the porcine stomach. These substances take part in defensive reactions of neurons and transmission of sensory reactions may play an important role in protecting the stomach against the harmful effect of acrylamide. Moreover, it has been shown that acrylamide induces a significant response of ENS neurons even in TDI dose, which suggests that it is not neutral to the body. These findings may be the basis for further toxicological studies addressing the question if currently permitted minimal content of acrylamide in the food does jeopardize the health of human consumers?
20 citations
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...In addition, calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) was originally identified as a product of alternative processing of RNA of the calcitonin gene in the rat brain and is common in neurons and nerves in the gastrointestinal tract as well as in the central and peripheral nervous system (Hayakawa et al., 2009; Kasacka, 2009; Lee and Nam, 2006; Timmermans et al., 1992; Toole et al., 1998)....
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...…of alternative processing of RNA of the calcitonin gene in the rat brain and is common in neurons and nerves in the gastrointestinal tract as well as in the central and peripheral nervous system (Hayakawa et al., 2009; Kasacka, 2009; Lee and Nam, 2006; Timmermans et al., 1992; Toole et al., 1998)....
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...These findings are similar to those of earlier studies on rodents, mammals and humans (Kaleczyc et al., 2007; Kasacka, 2009; Pimont et al., 2003; Schemann et al., 2001)....
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TL;DR: This study aims to identify, localize, and assess changes in CART-immunopositive structures of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) of rats with renovascular hypertension, and detects CART in the extensive population of neurons and in neuroendocrine cells.
Abstract: The prevalence of CART (cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript) throughout the organism, multiplicity of functions fulfilled by that peptide, and the collected evidence confirming CART contribution to blood pressure regulation prompted us to undertake the research aiming to identify, localize, and assess changes in CART-immunopositive structures of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) of rats with renovascular hypertension. The two-kidney one-clip model of arterial hypertension was used to evaluate the location and density of CART-containing structures in the stomach (cardia, fundus, and pylorus), duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon of hypertensive rats. The study was carried out on the GI tract of 20 rats. Ten rats were subjected to the renal artery clipping procedure and after a 6-week period each of them developed stable hypertension. An immunohistochemical localization of CART was performed on paraffin GI tract sections from all the study animals. CART was detected in the extensive population of neurons, particularly within the myenteric plexuses all along the GI tract, and also in neuroendocrine cells, being especially numerous in the stomach and a few in the small intestine. The hypertension significantly increased the density of CART-positive structures in the rat GI tract. The differences between the hypertensive rats and the control animals concerned not only the density of CART-immunoreactive structures but also the staining intensity. As this study provides novel findings, we are planning further molecular examinations to better understand the impact of hypertension on the functioning and activity of CART in the GI tract. © 2012 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
19 citations
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...Considering that in previous research we proved likewise greater number of CGRP-IR endocrine cells in the stomach of 2K1C rats when compared with the control group, we might suggest the impaired protective and secretory mechanisms in the hypertensive rats [16]....
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...There is some clinical and experimental evidence for the involvement of neuropeptides and proinflammatory markers in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension [16,34,36]....
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...The experimental data, and also numerous clinical observations, indicate a significant role of humoral factors and neurotransmitters in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension [9,16]....
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...As there is evidence [16,17] confirming the influence of hypertension on the activity of CGRP-containing cells, considerable changes may be expected in the content of CART peptide in animals with renovascular hypertension....
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TL;DR: Investigations demonstrated the impact of renovascular hypertension on the neuroendocrine system in the rat stomach and changes in the total number and ultrastructure of DNES cells proved their undeniable role in the modulation of gastric dysfunction, as a consequence of deregulation of homeostasis-maintaining systems.
7 citations
Cites background from "Quantitative distribution and local..."
...activity of parietal cells and blood flow through the gastric mucosa [1,2,27]....
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...Many investigations have indicated that in various pathological ates the number and morphology of NE cells in the stomach dergo some changes [1,2,12]....
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...Several experimental studies have demonstrated that hypertension causes disturbances in the secretion of neuropeptides and biogenic amines in the majority of organs, including the digestive system [1,2]....
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...This seems to confirm the volvement of biologically active substances produced by stroendocrine cells in various pathological and adaptive ocesses in the body [1,2,12]....
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TL;DR: It was revealed that renovascular hypertension caused changes in the neuroendocrine, CGRP-containing cells in the lungs of rats in the two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) renov vascular hypertension model.
Abstract: Taking into consideration renal hypertension-induced homeostatic disorders and the key role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)Â in many, systemic functions regulating systems, a question arises as to what an extent arterial hypertension affects the morphology and dynamics of pulmonary CGRP-immunopositive cell changes. The aim of the present study was to examine the distribution, morphology and dynamics of changes of CGRP-containing cells in the lungs of rats in the two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) renovascular hypertension model. The studies were carried out on the lungs of rats after 3, 14, 28, 42, and 91 days long period from the renal artery clipping procedure. In order to identify neuroendocrine cells, immunohistochemical reaction was performed with the use of a specific antibody against CGRP. It was revealed that renovascular hypertension caused changes in the neuroendocrine, CGRP-containing cells in the lungs of rats. The changes, observed in the neuroendocrine cells, depended on time periods from experimentally induced hypertension. The highest intensity of changes in the neuroendocrine cells was observed in the lungs of rats after 14 days from the surgery.
6 citations
TL;DR: Results obtained in many research studies indicate intense activity of enteroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract in various pathological conditions, including hypertension.
Abstract: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Recent years have witnessed a progressive increase in the number of people suffering from hypertension, which is one of the most serious health problems in the world. Hypertension results in changes leading to function disorders, not only of the organs and tissues, but also changes leading to the activation of many defense mechanisms in the cells in order to prevent damage. One of them is the expression of neuroendocrine (NE) hormones and biologically active substances, which has been the focus of extensive research for a number of years. Active involvement of NE cells and the biological and therapeutic properties of various substances synthesized by them have been confirmed in clinical trials and in various experimental models. Results obtained in many research studies indicate intense activity of enteroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract in various pathological conditions, including hypertension. In the present review, we discuss the morphological and functional changes of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine cells under conditions of different types of hypertension.
6 citations
Cites background from "Quantitative distribution and local..."
...This illustrates the important role played by these cells in maintaining whole body homeostasis [45,46,47]....
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References
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is concluded that normalizing arterial blood pressure in subjects with mild hypertension which occurred after 3-months dynamical exercise training is due to attenuation of the sympathoexcitatory chemoreceptor reflex drive by exercise training.
Abstract: The aim of our study was to check the responsiveness the chemoreceptor reflex in 28 young mildly hypertensive men (HTS), aged 18-32 years and 25 normotensive male subjects (NTS) aged 19-32 years, before and after 3-months dynamic exercise training. We tested the hypothesis that dynamic training reduces arterial chemoreceptor drive in mild hypertension. Circulatory response to 3-min hyperoxic inactivation of arterial chemoreceptors induced by 70% oxygen breathing was measured before and after training. Arterial blood pressure (BP) was recorded continuously by Finapres method, stroke volume and arm blood flow were registered by impedance reography, heart rate by ECG. Both groups were submitted to moderate 3-months dynamic exercise training. Before training the hyperoxic breathing caused in HTS a significant decrease in systolic BP by 6+/-1 mmHg p<0.01, in diastolic BP by 2+/-0.6 mmHg p<0.01, and in total peripheral vascular resistance (TPR) by 0.24+/-0.04 TPRU (p<0.01). After training hyperoxia augmented systolic BP by 2.64+/-1.9 mmHg (NS), diastolic BP by 2+/-1 mmHg p<0.05, and TPR by 0.043+/-0.05 TPRU (ANOVA). In NTS before training brief hyperoxia produced insignificant change in BP and TPR. In NTS after training hyperoxia increased systolic BP by 4.2 mm Hg+/-1.23 p<0.01 and diastolic BP by 3.1+/-0.6 mmHg p<0.01 respectively and TPR by 0.053+/-0.02 TPRU. Our results confirm earlier finding on the enhanced arterial chemoreceptor reflex drive in mild human hypertension. We conclude that normalizing arterial blood pressure in subjects with mild hypertension which occurred after 3-months dynamical exercise training is due to attenuation of the sympathoexcitatory chemoreceptor reflex drive by exercise training. The mechanism of this effect requires further study.
23 citations
"Quantitative distribution and local..." refers background in this paper
...hypertension, many issues still remain to be explained (1, 2)....
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...pressure, including neurotransmitters and humoral factors (1, 2)....
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TL;DR: The results demonstrate that CGRP cause release of ACh from guinea pig myenteric plexus neurons and suggest that the peptide acts through an adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-dependent mechanism that involves neuronal calcium channels.
Abstract: The effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on acetylcholine (ACh) release from myenteric plexus neurons in primary culture were investigated. CGRP (10(-12) to 10(-6) M) produced a dose-dependent increase in [3H]ACh release. The ACh release caused by CGRP was significantly inhibited (74 +/- 24%) by preincubation with dideoxyadenosine but was increased more than threefold by preincubation with theophylline. Incubation of myenteric plexus neurons with CGRP (10(-8) M) in the presence of diltiazem (10(-5) M) or in a calcium-free medium markedly reduced [3H]ACh release. CGRP potentiated [3H]ACh release stimulated by potassium or substance P but not by cholecystokinin octapeptide or forskolin. The results demonstrate that CGRP cause release of ACh from guinea pig myenteric plexus neurons and suggest that the peptide acts through an adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-dependent mechanism that involves neuronal calcium channels.
23 citations
"Quantitative distribution and local..." refers background in this paper
...Furthermore, studies indicate that CGRP is capable of exciting myenteric plexus neurons and stimulating acetylocholine release from isolated myenteric neurons (15)....
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TL;DR: Of 42 patients with malignant hypertension seen in five years in the authors' institutions, seven (17%) had acute pancreatitis, and five patients died, three of them with pancreatic pseudocyts.
Abstract: Of 42 patients with malignant hypertension seen in five years in our institutions, seven (17%) had acute pancreatitis. All patients with pancreatitis were black, all had renal failure, and six received dialysis. No particular drug was received by all patients, gallstones were excluded in the majority, and alcoholism was not a factor. Clinical acute pancreatitis persisted for several weeks and five patients died, three of them with pancreatic pseudocyts. Among 259 patients on long-term hemodialysis programs in the same time period, only two additional cases of acute pancreatitis were observed and related to chronic alcoholism. Acute pancreatitis is a frequent complication of malignant hypertension, and when it happens it is severe and commonly fatal.
18 citations
"Quantitative distribution and local..." refers background in this paper
...particularly refers to the digestive tract, within which acute pancreatitis or intestinal ischemia may occur (3, 4)....
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: The present results suggest that hypertension has an influence on the intrinsic regulatory system by endocrine cells control in the rat stomach.
Abstract: Essential hypertension is a complex disease with both genetic and environmental determinants. The effect of spontaneous hypertension on the distribution and occurrence of somatostatin-, gastrin- and serotonin-immunoreactive cells in the fundus and pylorus of the rat stomach was examined by immunohistochemistry. The animals were killed by decapitation at 4 and 16 weeks of age (5 control rats and 5 hypertensive rats). Endocrine cells generally increase in number in hypertensive rats as compared to control rats. However, the detailed responses of endocrine cells to hypertension depend on the cell type, region of gastric mucosa and age of animals. The present results suggest that hypertension has an influence on the intrinsic regulatory system by endocrine cells control in the rat stomach.
14 citations
"Quantitative distribution and local..." refers background in this paper
...The results of numerous studies (19-21) seem to indicate that in various pathological states the number and morphology of JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2009, 60, 2, 35-39...
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TL;DR: The gastric antral endocrine organ is a model for studies of prohormone processing and cellular localization of processing events: blocking the secretory pathway is studied.
Abstract: CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 607 Enterochromaffin-like cells and the stimulation of acid secretion 608 The control of histamine production 610 Chromogranin A: a marker for ECL cell function 612 Spinal afferents, D-cells and inhibition of acid secretion 613 Peptidergic gastric afferent neurons: organization 614 Peptidergic gastric afferent neurons: functions 614 Control of somatostatin synthesis 615 The gastric antral endocrine organ 617 The gastrin precursor: a model for studies of prohormone processing 618 Regulation of processing 621 Cellular localization of processing events: immunocytochemistry 622 Cellular localization of processing events: blocking the secretory pathway 623 References 627
14 citations
"Quantitative distribution and local..." refers background in this paper
...Peptide hormones, cytokines, chemocines, integrins, other related molecules regulate homeostasis in the tissue of external systems that facilitate restoration of local homeostasis (5, 6)....
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