Journal Article•
Quantitative distribution and localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like cells in the stomach of two kidney, one clip rats.
TL;DR: The aim of the present study was to examine the number and distribution of CGRP-containing cells in the pylorus of "two kidney, one clip" (2K1C) renovascular hypertension model in rats and the changes induced by hypertension in the neuroendocrine cells containing C GRP of the rats.
Abstract: The majority of research for the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the stomach in the hypertension has been devoted to the submucosal blood flow, and no attention has been paid to its quantitative distribution in the gastric neuroendocrine cells. The aim of the present study was to examine the number and distribution of CGRP-containing cells in the pylorus of "two kidney, one clip" (2K1C) renovascular hypertension model in rats. The studies were carried out on the stomach of rats. After 6 week period of the renal artery clipping procedure, eight 2K1C rats developed stable hypertension. The hypertension significantly increased the number of endocrine cells pylorus immunoreactive to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antisera. The differences between the hypertensive rats and the control group concerned not only the number of endocrine cells but also their distribution. CGRP participates in the regulation of cardiovascular functions both in normal state and in the pathophysiology of hypertension through interactions with the prohypertensive systems. The changes induced by hypertension in the neuroendocrine cells containing CGRP of the rats are discussed.
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TL;DR: It has been shown that acrylamide induces a significant response of ENS neurons even in TDI dose, which suggests that it is not neutral to the body.
Abstract: Acrylamide is one of the food toxins to which the human body is exposed. Although researchers’ interest in acrylamide has been growing in recent years, the knowledge of its effect on the gastrointestinal tract, especially on intramural neurons which form the enteric nervous system is scarce. The aim of this experiment was to determine the influence of acrylamide, administered at doses equivalent to the human tolerable daily intake (TDI, 0.5 μg/kg b.w./day) and ten times higher than the TDI (5 μg/kg b.w./day), on the distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP), and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) in intramural neurons of the domestic pig stomach. Using double immunofluorescent labelling we revealed that the ENS neurons underwent adaptive changes in response to the supplementation of acrylamide, which manifested themselves as increased expression of VIP, SP and CGRP, both in intramural neurons and by an increase in the nerve density in submucous and muscular layers in the porcine stomach. These substances take part in defensive reactions of neurons and transmission of sensory reactions may play an important role in protecting the stomach against the harmful effect of acrylamide. Moreover, it has been shown that acrylamide induces a significant response of ENS neurons even in TDI dose, which suggests that it is not neutral to the body. These findings may be the basis for further toxicological studies addressing the question if currently permitted minimal content of acrylamide in the food does jeopardize the health of human consumers?
20 citations
Cites background or result from "Quantitative distribution and local..."
...In addition, calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) was originally identified as a product of alternative processing of RNA of the calcitonin gene in the rat brain and is common in neurons and nerves in the gastrointestinal tract as well as in the central and peripheral nervous system (Hayakawa et al., 2009; Kasacka, 2009; Lee and Nam, 2006; Timmermans et al., 1992; Toole et al., 1998)....
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...…of alternative processing of RNA of the calcitonin gene in the rat brain and is common in neurons and nerves in the gastrointestinal tract as well as in the central and peripheral nervous system (Hayakawa et al., 2009; Kasacka, 2009; Lee and Nam, 2006; Timmermans et al., 1992; Toole et al., 1998)....
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...These findings are similar to those of earlier studies on rodents, mammals and humans (Kaleczyc et al., 2007; Kasacka, 2009; Pimont et al., 2003; Schemann et al., 2001)....
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TL;DR: This study aims to identify, localize, and assess changes in CART-immunopositive structures of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) of rats with renovascular hypertension, and detects CART in the extensive population of neurons and in neuroendocrine cells.
Abstract: The prevalence of CART (cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript) throughout the organism, multiplicity of functions fulfilled by that peptide, and the collected evidence confirming CART contribution to blood pressure regulation prompted us to undertake the research aiming to identify, localize, and assess changes in CART-immunopositive structures of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) of rats with renovascular hypertension. The two-kidney one-clip model of arterial hypertension was used to evaluate the location and density of CART-containing structures in the stomach (cardia, fundus, and pylorus), duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon of hypertensive rats. The study was carried out on the GI tract of 20 rats. Ten rats were subjected to the renal artery clipping procedure and after a 6-week period each of them developed stable hypertension. An immunohistochemical localization of CART was performed on paraffin GI tract sections from all the study animals. CART was detected in the extensive population of neurons, particularly within the myenteric plexuses all along the GI tract, and also in neuroendocrine cells, being especially numerous in the stomach and a few in the small intestine. The hypertension significantly increased the density of CART-positive structures in the rat GI tract. The differences between the hypertensive rats and the control animals concerned not only the density of CART-immunoreactive structures but also the staining intensity. As this study provides novel findings, we are planning further molecular examinations to better understand the impact of hypertension on the functioning and activity of CART in the GI tract. © 2012 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
19 citations
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...Considering that in previous research we proved likewise greater number of CGRP-IR endocrine cells in the stomach of 2K1C rats when compared with the control group, we might suggest the impaired protective and secretory mechanisms in the hypertensive rats [16]....
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...There is some clinical and experimental evidence for the involvement of neuropeptides and proinflammatory markers in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension [16,34,36]....
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...The experimental data, and also numerous clinical observations, indicate a significant role of humoral factors and neurotransmitters in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension [9,16]....
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...As there is evidence [16,17] confirming the influence of hypertension on the activity of CGRP-containing cells, considerable changes may be expected in the content of CART peptide in animals with renovascular hypertension....
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TL;DR: Investigations demonstrated the impact of renovascular hypertension on the neuroendocrine system in the rat stomach and changes in the total number and ultrastructure of DNES cells proved their undeniable role in the modulation of gastric dysfunction, as a consequence of deregulation of homeostasis-maintaining systems.
7 citations
Cites background from "Quantitative distribution and local..."
...activity of parietal cells and blood flow through the gastric mucosa [1,2,27]....
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...Many investigations have indicated that in various pathological ates the number and morphology of NE cells in the stomach dergo some changes [1,2,12]....
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...Several experimental studies have demonstrated that hypertension causes disturbances in the secretion of neuropeptides and biogenic amines in the majority of organs, including the digestive system [1,2]....
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...This seems to confirm the volvement of biologically active substances produced by stroendocrine cells in various pathological and adaptive ocesses in the body [1,2,12]....
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TL;DR: It was revealed that renovascular hypertension caused changes in the neuroendocrine, CGRP-containing cells in the lungs of rats in the two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) renov vascular hypertension model.
Abstract: Taking into consideration renal hypertension-induced homeostatic disorders and the key role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)Â in many, systemic functions regulating systems, a question arises as to what an extent arterial hypertension affects the morphology and dynamics of pulmonary CGRP-immunopositive cell changes. The aim of the present study was to examine the distribution, morphology and dynamics of changes of CGRP-containing cells in the lungs of rats in the two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) renovascular hypertension model. The studies were carried out on the lungs of rats after 3, 14, 28, 42, and 91 days long period from the renal artery clipping procedure. In order to identify neuroendocrine cells, immunohistochemical reaction was performed with the use of a specific antibody against CGRP. It was revealed that renovascular hypertension caused changes in the neuroendocrine, CGRP-containing cells in the lungs of rats. The changes, observed in the neuroendocrine cells, depended on time periods from experimentally induced hypertension. The highest intensity of changes in the neuroendocrine cells was observed in the lungs of rats after 14 days from the surgery.
6 citations
TL;DR: Results obtained in many research studies indicate intense activity of enteroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract in various pathological conditions, including hypertension.
Abstract: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Recent years have witnessed a progressive increase in the number of people suffering from hypertension, which is one of the most serious health problems in the world. Hypertension results in changes leading to function disorders, not only of the organs and tissues, but also changes leading to the activation of many defense mechanisms in the cells in order to prevent damage. One of them is the expression of neuroendocrine (NE) hormones and biologically active substances, which has been the focus of extensive research for a number of years. Active involvement of NE cells and the biological and therapeutic properties of various substances synthesized by them have been confirmed in clinical trials and in various experimental models. Results obtained in many research studies indicate intense activity of enteroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract in various pathological conditions, including hypertension. In the present review, we discuss the morphological and functional changes of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine cells under conditions of different types of hypertension.
6 citations
Cites background from "Quantitative distribution and local..."
...This illustrates the important role played by these cells in maintaining whole body homeostasis [45,46,47]....
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References
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TL;DR: Rat mesenteric resistance blood vessels are innervated by nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) vasodilator nerves, and it is suggested that the CGRP-containing vasodilant nerves play an important role in the regulation of vascular tone.
Abstract: Rat mesenteric resistance blood vessels are innervated by nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) vasodilator nerves. In vitro pharmacological, biological and immunohistochemical studies have provided evidence that the calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), a 37 amino acid peptide translated by the calcitonin gene, has a potent vasodilator effect and acts as a vasodilator neurotransmitter for NANC vasodilator nerves. The CGRP-containing vasodilator nerves inhibit adrenergic nerve-mediated vasoconstriction through direct relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, while adrenergic nerves suppress the neurotransmision of CGRP-containing nerves by inhibiting CGRP release from the nerve. Thus, CGRP-containing nerves and adrenergic nerves control vascular tone with reciprocal interferences. In in vivo studies, spinal cord (T9-12) stimulation of pitched rats produced a NANC depressor response mediated by endogenous CGRP, suggesting that CGRP-containing nerves are regulated by the central nervous system. The malfunction of CGRP-containing vasodilator nerves may be involved in cardiovascular diseases such as essential hypertension, coronal vasospasm, cerebral vasospasm and Renaud's phenomenon. It is suggested that the CGRP-containing vasodilator nerves play an important role in the regulation of vascular tone.
4 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: There was no objective evidence of alcoholic liver disease and no other underlying cause for pancreatitis found, and the pancreatitis may have been due to pancreatic infarctions associated with fibrinoid necrosis.
Abstract: We report a patient who was admitted to hospital with acute pancreatitis but who also had malignant phase hypertension. Whilst his alcohol intake was high, there was no objective evidence of alcoholic liver disease and no other underlying cause for pancreatitis was found. The pancreatitis may therefore have been due to pancreatic infarctions associated with fibrinoid necrosis. In all patients with acute pancreatitis, the diagnosis of malignant hypertension should be considered.
2 citations
"Quantitative distribution and local..." refers background in this paper
...particularly refers to the digestive tract, within which acute pancreatitis or intestinal ischemia may occur (3, 4)....
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