R1: a rule-based configurer of computer systems
TL;DR: R1 is a program that configures VAX-11/780 computer systems and uses Match as its principal problem solving method; it has sufficient knowledge of the configuration domain and of the peculiarities of the various configuration constraints that at each step in the configuration process, it simply recognizes what to do.
About: This article is published in Artificial Intelligence.The article was published on 1982-09-01. It has received 1001 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Configuration Management (ITSM) & Knowledge-based configuration.
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TL;DR: The book presents the case that cognitive science should turn its attention to developing theories of human cognition that cover the full range of human perceptual, cognitive, and action phenomena, and presents an exemplar unified theory of cognition called SOAR, a cognitive architecture realized as a software system.
Abstract: s The book presents the case that cognitive science should turn its attention to developing theories of human cognition that cover the full range of human perceptual, cognitive, and action phenomena. Cognitive science has now produced a massive number of high-quality regularities with many micro theories that reveal important mechanisms. The need for integration is pressing and will continue to increase. Equally important, cognitive science now has the theoretical concepts and tools to support serious attempts at unified theories. The argument is made entirely by presenting an exemplar unified theory of cognition both to show what a real unified theory would be like and to provide convincing evidence that such theories are feasible. The exemplar is SOAR, a cognitive architecture, which is realized as a software system. After a detailed discussion of the architecture and its properties, with its relation to the constraints on cognition in the real world and to existing ideas in cognitive science, SOAR is used as theory for a wide range of cognitive phenomena: immediate responses (stimulus-response compatibility and the Sternberg phenomena); discrete motor skills (transcription typing); memory and learning (episodic memory and the acquisition of skill through practice); problem solving (cryptarithmetic puzzles and syllogistic reasoning); language (sentence verification and taking instructions); and development (transitions in the balance beam task). The treatments vary in depth and adequacy, but they clearly reveal a single, highly specific, operational theory that works over the entire range of human cognition, SOAR is presented as an exemplar unified theory, not as the sole candidate. Cognitive science is not ready yet for a single theory there must be multiple attempts. But cognitive science must begin to work toward such unified theories. Keywords^ artificial intelligence; chunking; cognition; cognitive science; computation; problem solving; production systems; SOAR; symbol systems The book begins by urging on psychology unified theories of cognition: Psychology has arrived at the possibility of unified theories of cognition theories that gain their power by positing a single system of mechanisms that operate together to produce the full range of human cognition. I do not say they are here, but they are within reach and we should strive to attain them. My goal is to convince the reader that unified theories of cognition are really worth striving for now, as we move into the nineties. This cannot be done just by talking about it. An exemplar candidate is put forth to illustrate concretely what a unified theory of cognition means and why it should be a goal for cognitive science. The candidate is a theory (and system) called SOAR (Laird et al. 1987). The book is the written version of the William James Lectures, delivered at Harvard University in spring 1987. Its stance is personal, reflecting the author's thirty years of research in cognitive science, although this precis will be unable to convey much of this flavor.
6 citations
01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: The semantics of the rule-based language is shown to be closely related to the stable model semantics of normal logic programs and the possible model semanticsof disjunctive programs and it is argued that from a knowledge representation point of view therule- based language is more attractive for representing connguration knowledge than propositional logic or constraints.
Abstract: This paper studies the formal underpinnings of the product connguration problem. A rule-based language is proposed for expressing typical forms of knowledge interactions in connguration models, i.e. choices, dependencies between choices, optionality and defaults. The language is equipped with a declarative semantics that provides formal deenitions for the main concepts in product connguration, i.e., connguration model, customer requirements, satissability of requirements and validity of a connguration. A key feature is that the semantics ensures that valid conngurations are tightly grounded in the connguration rules by employing Horn clause derivability but without resorting to an explicit minimality condition on conngu-rations. This type of groundedness has not been considered in previous work on product connguration. Avoiding minimality conditions has a favorable eeect on the complexity of the connguration tasks. For example , the validity of a connguration as well as satissability of requirements can be decided in polynomial time and also other computational task remain in NP. The semantics of the rule-based language is shown to be closely related to the stable model semantics of normal logic programs and the possible model semantics of disjunctive programs. It is argued that from a knowledge representation point of view the rule-based language is more attractive for representing connguration knowledge than propositional logic or constraints.
6 citations
30 Sep 1986
TL;DR: Digitale Bildauswertung ist ein Teilgebiet der Informatik, dessen Potential fruhzeitig erkannt wurde (Sel-fridge 55), dessen Anwendungen aber offenbar hinter den Erwartungen zuruckbleiben.
6 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyze the principles and feasibility of the knowledge base paradigm in the context of an important class of applications, where a configuration of interrelated objects under constraints is searched, where the system assists the user in reaching an intended configuration.
Abstract: The knowledge base paradigm aims to express domain knowledge in a rich formal language, and to use this domain knowledge as a knowledge base to solve various problems and tasks that arise in the domain by applying multiple forms of inference. As such, the paradigm applies a strict separation of concerns between information and problem solving. In this paper, we analyze the principles and feasibility of the knowledge base paradigm in the context of an important class of applications: interactive configuration problems. In interactive configuration problems, a configuration of interrelated objects under constraints is searched, where the system assists the user in reaching an intended configuration. It is widely recognized in industry that good software solutions for these problems are very difficult to develop. We investigate such problems from the perspective of the KB paradigm. We show that multiple functionalities in this domain can be achieved by applying different forms of logical inferences on a formal specification of the configuration domain. We report on a proof of concept of this approach in a real-life application with a banking company. To appear in Theory and Practice of Logic Programming (TPLP).
6 citations
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: Some of the most well known Expert System Development Tools (ESDT) are summarized to understand and conceptualize better pertinent implementation issues related to actual expert systems.
Abstract: Expert systems reach high levels of performance when they operate in specific and narrow domains. Due to the fact that most of the engineering problems are well defined and specific, expert systems are widely used in engineering applications. Therefore, a survey of existing expert system tools and engineering based expert systems is appropriate. Development tools represent the essential “building blocks” upon which knowledge engineering and, thus, the expert system is built. Both, the development tools and expert systems, are software based products which solve specific problems using a knowledge based approach, the knowledge being represented in an explicit way [17]. Some of the most well known Expert System Development Tools (ESDT) are summarized to understand and conceptualize better pertinent implementation issues related to actual expert systems. Many Engineering Based Expert Systems (EBES) are also presented. However, the reviewed list should not (by any means) be conceived as an exhaustive catalogue of all existing expert systems for engineering applications; it should be rather viewed as an attempt to give a flavor of the capabilities and the wide area of applicability of Engineering Based Expert Systems.
6 citations
References
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TL;DR: The Rete Match Algorithm is an efficient method for comparing a large collection of patterns to a largeCollection of objects that finds all the objects that match each pattern.
2,562 citations
TL;DR: The MYCIN system has begun to exhibit a high level of performance as a consultant on the difficult task of selecting antibiotic therapy for bacteremia and issues of representation and design for the system are discussed.
619 citations
Proceedings Article•
22 Aug 1977TL;DR: Some of the issues that bear on the design of production system languages are explored and the adequacy of OPS is tried to show for its intended purpose.
Abstract: It has been claimed that production systems have several advantages over other representational schemes. These include the potential for general self-augmentation (i.e., learning of new behavior) and the ability to function in complex environments. The production system language, OPS, was implemented to test these claims. In this paper we explore some of the issues that bear on the design of production system languages and try to show the adequacy of OPS for its intended purpose.
173 citations
01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the role of conflict resolution in providing support for production systems designed to function and grow in environments that make large numbers of different, sometimes competing, and sometimes unexpected demands.
Abstract: Production systems designed to function and grow in environments that make large numbers of different, sometimes competing, and sometimes unexpected demands require support from their interpreters that is qualitatively different from the support required by systems that can be carefully hand crafted to function in constrained environments. In this chapter we explore the role of conflict resolution in providing such support Using criteria developed here, we evaluate both individual conflict resolution rules and strategies that make use of several rules.
102 citations
TL;DR: The role of conflict resolution in providing support for production systems designed to function and grow in environments that make large numbers of different, sometimes competing, and sometimes unexpected demands is explored.
Abstract: Production systems designed to function and grow in environments that make large numbers of different, sometimes competing, and sometimes unexpected demands require support from their interpreters that is qualitatively different from the support required by systems that can be carefully hand crafted to function in constrained environments. In this paper we explore the role of conflict resolution in providing such support. Using criteria developed in the paper, we evaluate both individual conflict resolution rules and strategies that make use of several rules.
102 citations