Radicalisation, De-Radicalisation, Counter-Radicalisation: A Conceptual Discussion and Literature Review
01 Mar 2013-Vol. 4, Iss: 2, pp 1-91
About: The article was published on 2013-03-01 and is currently open access. It has received 380 citations till now.
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01 Jan 2010
Abstract: 1 July 7, 2010, marks the fifth anniversary of the 2005 terrorist attacks on London’s Metro system. In 2005, terrorists launched a coordinated attack against London’s transportation system, with 3 bombs detonating simultaneously at three different Metro stations and a fourth bomb exploding an hour later on a city bus. In all, there were 52 victims in these bombings with an additional 700 injuries resulting. The four terrorists who executed the attacks were killed in the explosions.
667 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a model of radicalization and de-radicalization, which distinguishes three phases in radicalization: (1) a sensitivity phase, (2) a group membership phase and (3) an action phase.
Abstract: In this article, we review the literature and present a model of radicalization and de-radicalization. In this model, we distinguish three phases in radicalization: (1) a sensitivity phase, (2) a group membership phase and (3) an action phase. We describe the micro-level, meso-level and macro-level factors that influence the radicalization process in these three phases. However, not all people become increasingly radical — they may also de-radicalize. We specify the micro-level, meso-level and macro-level factors in de-radicalization. We highlight the importance of the role of group membership and intergroup relations in the radicalization process.
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References
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Book•
14 May 2004TL;DR: The origins of the Jihad, the Mujahedin, and social networks and the Jihad: Names of Terrorists Glossary of Foreign-Language Terms are reviewed.
Abstract: Preface 1. The Origins of the Jihad 2. The Evolution of the Jihad 3. The Mujahedin 4. Joining the Jihad 5. Social Networks and the Jihad Conclusion Appendix: Names of Terrorists Glossary of Foreign-Language Terms Bibliography Index
1,935 citations
TL;DR: This paper argued for the importance of a distinction between "low-and high-risk/cost activism" and outlined a model or recruitment to the latter, emphasizing the import of low-risk and high-cost activism.
Abstract: This article proposes and argues for the importance of a distinction between "low-" and "high-risk/cost activism" and outlines a model or recruitment to the latter. The model emphasizes the importa...
1,585 citations
Book•
09 Aug 2011TL;DR: The historical record indicates that nonviolent campaigns have been more successful than armed campaigns in achieving ultimate goals in political struggles as discussed by the authors, even when used against similar opponents, and that such campaigns can be used against the same opponents.
Abstract: The historical record indicates that nonviolent campaigns have been more successful than armed campaigns in achieving ultimate goals in political struggles, even when used against similar opponents...
1,187 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the socializing role of institutions in Europe, with the central concern being to better specify the mechanisms of socialization and the conditions under which they are expected to lead to the internalization of new roles or interests.
Abstract: International institutions are a ubiquitous feature of daily life in many world regions, and nowhere more so than contemporary Europe. While virtually all would agree that such institutions matter, there is less agreement on exactly how they have effects. This special issue brings together European Union specialists and international relations theorists who address the latter issue. In particular, we explore the socializing role of institutions in Europe, with our central concern being to better specify the mechanisms of socialization and the conditions under which they are expected to lead to the internalization of new roles or interests. Drawing on a multifaceted understanding of human rationality, we consider three generic social mechanisms—strategic calculation, role playing, and normative suasion—and their ability to promote socialization outcomes within international institutions. This disaggregation exercise not only helps consolidate nascent socialization research programs in international relations theory and EU studies; it also highlights points of contact and potential synergies between rationalism and social constructivism.For comments on earlier versions, I am grateful to two anonymous referees, IO editors Lisa Martin and Thomas Risse, as well as to John Duffield, Alexandra Gheciu, Liesbet Hooghe, Peter Katzenstein, Ron Mitchell, Frank Schimmelfennig, Martha Snodgrass, and Michael Zurn. More generally, thanks are owed to all the project participants for numerous and valuable discussions on the themes addressed in this volume.
1,000 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors conceptualized political radicalization as a dimension of increasing extremity of beliefs, feelings, and behaviors in support of intergroup conflict and violence, and distinguished twelve mechanisms of radicalization across individuals, groups, and mass publics.
Abstract: This article conceptualizes political radicalization as a dimension of increasing extremity of beliefs, feelings, and behaviors in support of intergroup conflict and violence. Across individuals, groups, and mass publics, twelve mechanisms of radicalization are distinguished. For ten of these mechanisms, radicalization occurs in a context of group identification and reaction to perceived threat to the ingroup. The variety and strength of reactive mechanisms point to the need to understand radicalization—including the extremes of terrorism—as emerging more from the dynamics of intergroup conflict than from the vicissitudes of individual psychology.
762 citations