Rain Attenuation at 103 GHz in Millimeter Wave Ranges
02 Nov 2005-International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves (Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers)-Vol. 26, Iss: 11, pp 1651-1660
TL;DR: In this paper, a millimeter wave propagation experiment at 103 GHz (2.9 mm) on a propagation path of 390 m was conducted and the results were compared with the rain attenuation calculations from the Marshall-Palmer, Best, Joss-Thomas-Waldvogel and Weibull distributions for raindrop-size.
Abstract: We have conducted a millimeter wave propagation experiment at 103 GHz (2.9 mm) on a propagation path of 390 m. The results were compared with the rain attenuation calculations from the Marshall-Palmer, Best, Joss-Thomas-Waldvogel and Weibull distributions for raindrop-size. It has been shown that the Weibull distribution has a good agreement with the experiments.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of rain attenuation on the 120-GHz band wireless link during the heavy rainy period (from July to September, 2008) and annual period(from March to December, 2008).
Abstract: We measured the effects of rain attenuation on 120-GHz band wireless link during the heavy rainy period (from July to September, 2008) and annual period (from March to December, 2008). The heavy rainy period data are used as a basis for the wireless link design, and the annual data are used to calculate the reliability of the wireless link. The 120-GHz band wireless link with V polarization was operated on a 400-m-long path from March to December 2008 in Atsugi, Japan. The rain rate distribution for Atsugi is in good agreement with the conditional M distributions. As for rain attenuation, the annual data coincide with the ITU and Laws and Parsons models. Cumulative distributions of attenuation and bit-error-rate deterioration due to rain were obtained.
57 citations
Cites background from "Rain Attenuation at 103 GHz in Mill..."
...Several studies on the rain attenuation and availability of MMW wireless links have been reported [9]–[13]....
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TL;DR: Rain attenuation at 355.2 GHz in the terahertz wave range was measured and results showed that the propagation experiment was in very good agreement with a calculation from a specific attenuation model for use in prediction method recommended by ITU-R.
Abstract: Rain attenuation at 355.2 GHz in the terahertz wave range was measured with our new 355.2 GHz measuring system under rainfall intensities up to 25 mm/hr. Rain attenuation coefficients were also calculated using four raindrop-size distributions, e Marshall-Palmer (M-P), Best, Polyakova-Shifrin (P-S) and Weibull distributions, and using a specific rain attenuation model for prediction methods recommended by ITU-R. Measurements of a terahertz wave taken at 355.2 GHz were compared with our calculations. Results showed that the propagation experiment was in very good agreement with a calculation from a specific attenuation model for use in prediction method recommended by ITU-R.
41 citations
Cites background from "Rain Attenuation at 103 GHz in Mill..."
...This distribution is retained for microwave and terahertz applications [10-23]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of both channels is analyzed by measuring the power and bit error rates (BERs) in each link, and a weather emulating chamber is designed that can generate controllable rain.
Abstract: In order to analyze the impairments of terahertz (THz) and infrared (IR) links caused by attenuation through rain, THz and IR free-space communication channels at 625 GHz and 1550 nm, respectively, with a maximum data rate of 2.5 Gb/s have been developed in our lab. These two links are spatially superimposed and propagate through the same weather conditions. The performance of both channels is analyzed by measuring the power and bit error rates (BERs) in each link. A weather emulating chamber is designed that can generate controllable rain. Under the same conditions, attenuation by rain exhibits higher but comparable performance degradation in the THz channel. Analysis of power attenuation and BERs performance for both links is presented. Numerical simulations of THz and IR attenuation under different rain conditions are conducted and compared with experimental results.
33 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the propagation in the W-band is analyzed on the basis of two-year experimental measurements carried out in Madrid, Spain, on a commercial link working at 75 and 85 GHz.
Abstract: The frequency range that extends from 70 to 115 GHz presents low gaseous attenuation and offers the possibility of implementing radio links with capabilities of transporting more than 1 Gb/s over distances up to a few kilometers. A better knowledge of the propagation characteristics of the atmosphere at these frequencies can benefit future technological advances, providing better performance in terms of the use of radio resources. Unfortunately, the number of propagation results communicated for this band is very small. In this paper, propagation in this frequency range is analyzed on the basis of two-year experimental measurements carried out in Madrid, Spain, on a commercial link working at 75 and 85 GHz. Rain attenuation is the most relevant propagation effect in the W-band. Attenuation measurements are processed to remove wet antenna effects, leaving only the path attenuation time series. Statistics obtained from these time series are compared with a number of model predictions that use rain information of various types as input data, assessing in this way their precision and usefulness.
32 citations
Cites background or methods or result from "Rain Attenuation at 103 GHz in Mill..."
...In particular, specific attenuation is compared with rain-rate measurements, in a study that shows similarities with [8] and [9]....
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...Scattering theory has been used for propagation predictions for a long time, usually with standard models of DSDs, as those considered in [9]....
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...Similar measurements at 103 GHz are presented in [9], only for rain events....
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...In [8] and [9], the problem of relating the specific attenuation (dB/km) with meteorological parameters is addressed....
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TL;DR: An overview of the possibilities and challenges for ultrahigh bitrate transmission and the generation of high-quality THz-waves is given and a method for the generationof very stable and precise millimeter and THz waves is presented.
Abstract: The data rate in the communication networks increases by a two number digit every year. Even today’s mobile, wireless devices offer a large number of high-bitrate data services reaching from entertainment over information to communication. However, for the so called last-mile problem, for the connection of the network with remote cellular base stations and for other wireless links ultrahigh-bitrate connections are required. Another important application of ultrahigh-bitrate wireless links is the very fast rebuilding of a network infrastructure after natural disasters like tsunamis, hurricanes and blizzards. Contrary to optical links, carrier waves in the submillimeter-wave, or THz-region of the electromagnetic spectrum offer a high capacity and reliability even under worst weather conditions like a strong rain or dense fog. The THz-range has a large bandwidth so that even with simple modulation formats a quite high bitrate can be transmitted. However, ultrahigh bitrates require spectrally efficient modulation formats and these formats require THz-sources with a very high quality, i.e. low phase noise and narrow linewidth. Here an overview of the possibilities and challenges for ultrahigh bitrate transmission and the generation of high-quality THz-waves is given and a method for the generation of very stable and precise millimeter and THz waves is presented. In first proof of concept experiments a linewidth of < 1 Hz and a phase noise of < -130 dBc/Hz at an offset of 10 kHz from the carrier was measured in the microwave range.
30 citations
References
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TL;DR: Light scattering by small particles as mentioned in this paper, Light scattering by Small Particle Scattering (LPS), Light scattering with small particles (LSC), Light Scattering by Small Parts (LSP),
Abstract: Light scattering by small particles , Light scattering by small particles , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
9,737 citations
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01 Dec 1981
TL;DR: Light scattering by small particles as mentioned in this paper, Light scattering by Small Particle Scattering (LPS), Light scattering with small particles (LSC), Light Scattering by Small Parts (LSP),
Abstract: Light scattering by small particles , Light scattering by small particles , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
6,623 citations
3,500 citations
TL;DR: A critical survey of the literature is presented and an empirical model of the complex refractive indices for ice and liquid water is constructed from this review.
Abstract: A critical survey of the literature is presented. An empirical model of the complex refractive indices for ice and liquid water is constructed from this review. The model is applicable from -20 degrees C to 0 degrees C for ice and from -20 degrees C to 50 degrees C for water. The spectral interval for which the model applies extends from 2 micro, to several thousand kilometers in wavelength for ice and from 2 micro to several hundred meters in wavelength for water.
595 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined experimental data relating to drop size distribution in rain and showed that in many cases the size distribution is in accordance with the following formulae 1 - F = exp [-(x/a)n] a = A IpW = C Ir where F = fraction of liquid water in the air comprised by drops with diameter less than x.
Abstract: Experimental data relating to drop size distribution in rain are examined and it is shown that in many cases the size distribution is in accordance with the following formulae 1 - F = exp [-(x/a)n] a = A IpW = C Ir where F = fraction of liquid water in the air comprised by drops with diameter less than x. I = rate of precipitation. W = amount of liquid water per unit volume of air. A, C, p, r and n are constants. If × is measured in mm, I in mm/hr and W in mm3/m3 the mean values of A, C, p, r and n are 1.30, 67, 0.232, 0.846 and 2.25 respectively. There may be appreciable variations from these mean values, particularly in the case of n, if the precipitation is essentially of a showery or orographic nature. Tables based on these formulae are given showing values of W and of the number and total volume of drops between certain diameter limits for various rates of rainfall.
492 citations