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Raman amplification in fiber optical communication systems
01 Jan 2005-
TL;DR: In this article, Stimulated Raman Scattering in Optical Fibers Raman Pumping in Optical Fiber Communications Distributed Raman amplification along the transmission span Discrete Raman amplifiers Impairments and Limitations to Raman Amplification.
Abstract: Introduction Stimulated Raman Scattering in Optical Fibers Raman Pumping in Optical Fiber Communications Distributed Raman amplification along the transmission span Discrete Raman amplifiers Impairments and Limitations to Raman Amplification.
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TL;DR: In this article, the capacity limit of fiber-optic communication systems (or fiber channels?) is estimated based on information theory and the relationship between the commonly used signal to noise ratio and the optical signal-to-noise ratio is discussed.
Abstract: We describe a method to estimate the capacity limit of fiber-optic communication systems (or ?fiber channels?) based on information theory. This paper is divided into two parts. Part 1 reviews fundamental concepts of digital communications and information theory. We treat digitization and modulation followed by information theory for channels both without and with memory. We provide explicit relationships between the commonly used signal-to-noise ratio and the optical signal-to-noise ratio. We further evaluate the performance of modulation constellations such as quadrature-amplitude modulation, combinations of amplitude-shift keying and phase-shift keying, exotic constellations, and concentric rings for an additive white Gaussian noise channel using coherent detection. Part 2 is devoted specifically to the "fiber channel.'' We review the physical phenomena present in transmission over optical fiber networks, including sources of noise, the need for optical filtering in optically-routed networks, and, most critically, the presence of fiber Kerr nonlinearity. We describe various transmission scenarios and impairment mitigation techniques, and define a fiber channel deemed to be the most relevant for communication over optically-routed networks. We proceed to evaluate a capacity limit estimate for this fiber channel using ring constellations. Several scenarios are considered, including uniform and optimized ring constellations, different fiber dispersion maps, and varying transmission distances. We further present evidences that point to the physical origin of the fiber capacity limitations and provide a comparison of recent record experiments with our capacity limit estimation.
2,135 citations
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory1, University of Rochester2, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory3, École Polytechnique4, Ohio State University5, University of Michigan6, University of Jena7, Russian Academy of Sciences8, Osaka University9, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic10, Chinese Academy of Sciences11, Shanghai Jiao Tong University12, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology13, Colorado State University14, University of Szeged15
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a comprehensive update of the current status of ultra-high-power lasers and demonstrate how the technology has developed, and what technologies are to be deployed to get to these new regimes, and some critical issues facing their development.
Abstract: In the 2015 review paper 'Petawatt Class Lasers Worldwide' a comprehensive overview of the current status of highpower facilities of >200 TW was presented. This was largely based on facility specifications, with some description of their uses, for instance in fundamental ultra-high-intensity interactions, secondary source generation, and inertial confinement fusion (ICF). With the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics being awarded to Professors Donna Strickland and Gerard Mourou for the development of the technique of chirped pulse amplification (CPA), which made these lasers possible, we celebrate by providing a comprehensive update of the current status of ultra-high-power lasers and demonstrate how the technology has developed. We are now in the era of multi-petawatt facilities coming online, with 100 PW lasers being proposed and even under construction. In addition to this there is a pull towards development of industrial and multidisciplinary applications, which demands much higher repetition rates, delivering high-average powers with higher efficiencies and the use of alternative wavelengths: mid-IR facilities. So apart from a comprehensive update of the current global status, we want to look at what technologies are to be deployed to get to these new regimes, and some of the critical issues facing their development.
559 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors overview the field of the dispersion managed solitons starting from mathematical theories of Hamiltonian and dissipative systems and then discuss recent advances in practical implementation of this concept in fibre-optics and lasers.
262 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the state of the art of the leading Brillouin interrogation methods, with emphasis on the significant progress made in the last 3 years, are described, as well as a short introduction to coding, which has proven instrumental in many recently obtained performance records.
Abstract: Fiber-optic distributed sensing, employing the Brillouin effect, is already a commercially available measurement technique for the accurate estimation of the static strain/temperature fields along tens of kilometers with a spatial resolution of the order of a meter. Furthermore, relentless research efforts are paving the way to even much wider usability of the technique through recently achieved enhanced performance in each of its critical dimensions: measurement range has been extended to hundreds of kilometers; spatial resolution is of the order of a centimeter or less, signal to noise ratio has been significantly improved; fast dynamic events can be captured at kHz’s sampling rates; and a much better understanding of the underlying physics has been obtained, along with the formulation of figures of merit, and the preparation and early adoption of appropriate standards and guidelines. This paper describes the basics, as well as the state of the art, of the leading Brillouin interrogation methods, with emphasis on the significant progress made in the last 3 years. It also includes a short introduction to coding, which has proven instrumental in many of the recently obtained performance records.
261 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a detailed statement on the recent progress and novel potential applications of photonic crystal fibers, as well as a detailed overview of the current state of the art.
Abstract: Photonic crystal fibers present a wavelength-scale periodic microstructure running along their length. Their core and two-dimensional photonic crystal might be based on varied geometries and materials, enabling light guidance due to different propagation mechanisms in an extremely large wavelength range, extending to the terahertz regions. As a result, these fibers have revolutionized the optical fiber technology by means of creating new degrees of freedom in the fiber design, fabrication and applicability. This report aims to provide a detailed statement on the recent progress and novel potential applications of photonic crystal fibers.
192 citations
Cites background from "Raman amplification in fiber optica..."
...In comparison, a laser with conventional Raman fiber required 175W of pump power for 41W of 1480 nm output power or 23% conversion efficiency [17]....
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...Detailed discussions on each of the above parameters and their optimization procedure can be obtained from [17]....
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...For a more in-depth review of Raman amplifiers in optical communications please see [162] and [17]....
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...In practice, however, when operating a cascaded Raman at modest power levels of up to a few tens of watts, the lasers operate stably without any effort at isolation between the rare-earth cavity and the Raman cavity [17, 18]....
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...Enhanced backward and forward light leaking from the cavity at the intermediate wavelengths due to their bandwidth being higher than the grating bandwidths [17, 29, 40]....
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References
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TL;DR: The algorithm can be used as a building block for solving other distributed graph problems, and can be slightly modified to run on a strongly-connected diagraph for generating the existent Euler trail or to report that no Euler trails exist.
13,828 citations