Journal ArticleDOI
Rare earth elements as critical raw materials: Focus on international markets and future strategies
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In this article, the problem of rare earths (REs) availability has also been discussed, and it has been shown that 97% of the global supply of REMs is produced by China, that has recently done copious cuts of its exports, apparently in order to protect its environment.About:
This article is published in Resources Policy.The article was published on 2013-03-01. It has received 629 citations till now.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Seven chemical separations to change the world
David S. Sholl,Ryan P. Lively +1 more
TL;DR: This list is not exhaustive; almost all commercial chemicals arise from a separation process that could be improved, and here, seven chemical separation processes that, if improved, would reap great global benefits.
Journal ArticleDOI
Political power and renewable energy futures: A critical review
TL;DR: In this article, a conceptual review of the relationship between concentrated or distributed renewable energy and political power is presented, drawing out the implications for democratizing renewable energy development in practice and assessing tensions associated with an energy democracy agenda.
Journal ArticleDOI
Coal as a promising source of critical elements: Progress and future prospects
Shifeng Dai,Robert B. Finkelman +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, coal is considered as an economic source of strategically important elements, such as Ge, Ga, U, V, Se, rare earth elements, Y, Sc, Nb, Au, Ag, and Re, as well as base metals Al and Mg.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sources, behaviour, and environmental and human health risks of high-technology rare earth elements as emerging contaminants.
Willis Gwenzi,Lynda Mangori,Concilia Danha,Nhamo Chaukura,Nothando Dunjana,Edmond Sanganyado +5 more
TL;DR: A conceptual framework and possible mitigation measures to minimize health risks are highlighted and future research is needed to better understand sources, environmental behaviour, ecotoxicology, and human epidemiology.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Rare Earth Elements: demand, global resources, and challenges for resourcing future generations
TL;DR: In this paper, the balance of the individual rare earth elements (REE) in each deposit type and how that matches demand is considered, and some of the issues associated with developing these deposits are discussed.
References
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The continental crust: Its composition and evolution
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the composition of the present upper crust and deal with possible compositions for the total crust and the inferred composition of lower crust, and the question of the uniformity of crustal composition throughout geological time is discussed.
OtherDOI
Rare earth elements: critical resources for high technology
Abstract: The rare earth elements (REE) form the largest chemically coherent group in the periodic table. Though generally unfamiliar, the REE are essential for many hundreds of applications. The versatility and specificity of the REE has given them a level of technological, environmental, and economic importance considerably greater than might be expected from their relative obscurity. The United States once was largely self-sufficient in these critical materials, but over the past decade has become dependent upon imports (fig. 1). In 1999 and 2000, more than 90% of REE required by U.S. industry came from deposits in China. Although the 15 naturally occurring REE (table 1; fig. 2) are generally similar in their geochemical properties, their individual abundances in the Earth are by no means equal. In the continental crust and its REE ore deposits, concentrations of the most and least abundant REE typically differ by two to five orders of magnitude (fig. 3). As technological applications of REE have multiplied over the past several decades, demand for several of the less abundant (and formerly quite obscure) REE has increased dramatically. The diverse nuclear, metallurgical, chemical, catalytic, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties of the REE have led to an ever increasing variety of applications. These uses range from mundane (lighter flints, glass polishing) to high-tech (phosphors, lasers, magnets, batteries, magnetic refrigeration) to futuristic (hightemperature superconductivity, safe storage and transport of hydrogen for a post-hydrocarbon economy).
Journal ArticleDOI
Deep-sea mud in the Pacific Ocean as a potential resource for rare-earth elements
Yasuhiro Kato,Koichiro Fujinaga,Kentaro Nakamura,Yutaro Takaya,Kenichi Kitamura,Junichiro Ohta,Ryuichi Toda,Takuya Nakashima,Hikaru Iwamori +8 more
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis of more than 2,000 seafloor sediment samples suggests that deep-sea mud constitutes a highly promising giant resource for rare-earth elements and the metal yttrium.
Book ChapterDOI
The Principal Rare Earth Elements Deposits of the United States: A Summary of Domestic Deposits and a Global Perspective
TL;DR: A review of United States resources in a global context finds that the United States could make significant contributions to future rare earth elements (REE, lanthanide elements) production as discussed by the authors.
Book
Rare Earth Elements: The Global Supply Chain
TL;DR: The authors provides a discussion on the major issues and concerns of the global supply chain for rare earth elements, their major end uses, and legislative and other policy proposals that Congress may consider to improve the U.S. rare earth position.