Re-evaluating the role of TPJ in attentional control: Contextual updating?
TL;DR: TPJ function in many domains is well described by contextual updating by using data from cognitive neuroscience to critically evaluate the function of the temporo-parietal junction.
About: This article is published in Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.The article was published on 2013-12-01 and is currently open access. It has received 308 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Attentional control & Functional neuroimaging.
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TL;DR: While posterior rTPJ seems exclusively involved in the social domain, anterior rTPj is involved in both, attention and ToM, conceivably indicating an attentional shifting role of this region.
Abstract: The right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ) is frequently associated with different capacities that to shift attention to unexpected stimuli (reorienting of attention) and to understand others’ (false) mental state [theory of mind (ToM), typically represented by false belief tasks]. Competing hypotheses either suggest the rTPJ representing a unitary region involved in separate cognitive functions or consisting of subregions subserving distinct processes. We conducted activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analyses to test these hypotheses. A conjunction analysis across ALE meta-analyses delineating regions consistently recruited by reorienting of attention and false belief studies revealed the anterior rTPJ, suggesting an overarching role of this specific region. Moreover, the anatomical difference analysis unravelled the posterior rTPJ as higher converging in false belief compared with reorienting of attention tasks. This supports the concept of an exclusive role of the posterior rTPJ in the social domain. These results were complemented by meta-analytic connectivity mapping (MACM) and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) analysis to investigate whole-brain connectivity patterns in task-constrained and task-free brain states. This allowed for detailing the functional separation of the anterior and posterior rTPJ. The combination of MACM and RSFC mapping showed that the posterior rTPJ has connectivity patterns with typical ToM regions, whereas the anterior part of rTPJ co-activates with the attentional network. Taken together, our data suggest that rTPJ contains two functionally fractionated subregions: while posterior rTPJ seems exclusively involved in the social domain, anterior rTPJ is involved in both, attention and ToM, conceivably indicating an attentional shifting role of this region.
260 citations
Cites background from "Re-evaluating the role of TPJ in at..."
...Recent ALE meta-analyses have already reviewed the role of the rTPJ from different perspectives (Bzdok et al. 2012; Decety and Lamm 2007; Geng and Vossel 2013; Kubit and Jack 2013)....
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TL;DR: It is suggested that the controlled activation and maintenance of adequate task schemata relies, across paradigms, on a right-dominant midcingulo-insular-inferior frontal core network, which implies that the role of other prefrontal and parietal regions may be less domain-general than previously thought.
248 citations
Cites background from "Re-evaluating the role of TPJ in at..."
...A recent review, however, proposed a more global role of the right TPJ based on evidence that this area is related to the integration of stimulus information with internal models of task performance and expectations, thereby playing a pivotal role in contextual updating (Geng and Vossel, 2013)....
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TL;DR: This review aimed to synthesize findings from anatomical and functional studies of the IPL/TPJ that used neuroimaging at rest and during a wide range of tasks to discuss how network nodes within the IPJ are organized and how they participate in human perception and cognition.
234 citations
Cites background or methods from "Re-evaluating the role of TPJ in at..."
...…1), even though the VAN is generally considered to have a more posterior IPL/TPJ node lateralized to the right hemisphere (Corbetta et al., 2008; Geng and Vossel, 2013; Mantini et al., 2013), which corresponds better to the TPJc subdivision described above (Igelström et al., 2015, 2016a, 2016b)....
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..., 2011) (Table 1), even though the VAN is generally considered to have a more posterior IPL/TPJ node lateralized to the right hemisphere (Corbetta et al., 2008; Geng and Vossel, 2013; Mantini et al., 2013), which corresponds better to the TPJc subdivision described above (Igelström et al....
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TL;DR: Neuroscience has the potential to address accounts of theory-of-mind acquisition and future research directions include microgenetic and training fMRI studies.
158 citations
Cites background from "Re-evaluating the role of TPJ in at..."
...For example, he right TPJ is recruited during attentional reorienting Mitchell, 2008), focused attention and target detection Geng and Mangun, 2011; Geng and Vossel, 2013; Kubit and ack, 2014), and in motor response inhibition (Rothmayr t al., 2010)....
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TL;DR: The distinction between shared activations versus representations is raised, raising the question what shared representations entail in terms of the underlying neural mechanisms, and the possible mechanisms behind self–other distinction in the cognitive and the affective domains are addressed.
Abstract: Neuroscientific research has identified two fundamental components of empathy: shared emotional representations between self and other, and self-other distinction. The concept of shared representations suggests that during empathy, we co-represent another person's affect by engaging brain and bodily functions underpinning the first-hand experience of the emotion we are empathizing with. This possible grounding of empathy in our own emotional experiences explains the necessity for self-other distinction, which is the capacity to correctly distinguish between our own affective representations and those related to the other. In spite of the importance of these two components in empathy, several aspects still remain controversial. This paper addresses some of them and focuses on (i) the distinction between shared activations versus representations, raising the question what shared representations entail in terms of the underlying neural mechanisms, (ii) the possible mechanisms behind self-other distinction in the cognitive and the affective domains, and whether they have distinct neural underpinnings and (iii) the consequences associated with a selective impairment of one of the two components, thereby addressing their importance in mental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, psychopathy and alexithymia.
148 citations
References
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01 Jan 1988TL;DR: This book provides a clear and simple account of the key ideas and algorithms of reinforcement learning, which ranges from the history of the field's intellectual foundations to the most recent developments and applications.
Abstract: Reinforcement learning, one of the most active research areas in artificial intelligence, is a computational approach to learning whereby an agent tries to maximize the total amount of reward it receives when interacting with a complex, uncertain environment. In Reinforcement Learning, Richard Sutton and Andrew Barto provide a clear and simple account of the key ideas and algorithms of reinforcement learning. Their discussion ranges from the history of the field's intellectual foundations to the most recent developments and applications. The only necessary mathematical background is familiarity with elementary concepts of probability. The book is divided into three parts. Part I defines the reinforcement learning problem in terms of Markov decision processes. Part II provides basic solution methods: dynamic programming, Monte Carlo methods, and temporal-difference learning. Part III presents a unified view of the solution methods and incorporates artificial neural networks, eligibility traces, and planning; the two final chapters present case studies and consider the future of reinforcement learning.
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TL;DR: An anatomical parcellation of the spatially normalized single-subject high-resolution T1 volume provided by the Montreal Neurological Institute was performed and it is believed that this tool is an improvement for the macroscopical labeling of activated area compared to labeling assessed using the Talairach atlas brain.
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TL;DR: Evidence for partially segregated networks of brain areas that carry out different attentional functions is reviewed, finding that one system is involved in preparing and applying goal-directed selection for stimuli and responses, and the other is specialized for the detection of behaviourally relevant stimuli.
Abstract: We review evidence for partially segregated networks of brain areas that carry out different attentional functions. One system, which includes parts of the intraparietal cortex and superior frontal cortex, is involved in preparing and applying goal-directed (top-down) selection for stimuli and responses. This system is also modulated by the detection of stimuli. The other system, which includes the temporoparietal cortex and inferior frontal cortex, and is largely lateralized to the right hemisphere, is not involved in top-down selection. Instead, this system is specialized for the detection of behaviourally relevant stimuli, particularly when they are salient or unexpected. This ventral frontoparietal network works as a 'circuit breaker' for the dorsal system, directing attention to salient events. Both attentional systems interact during normal vision, and both are disrupted in unilateral spatial neglect.
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TL;DR: It is suggested that both task-driven neuronal responses and behavior are reflections of this dynamic, ongoing, functional organization of the brain, featuring the presence of anticorrelated networks in the absence of overt task performance.
Abstract: During performance of attention-demanding cognitive tasks, certain regions of the brain routinely increase activity, whereas others routinely decrease activity. In this study, we investigate the extent to which this task-related dichotomy is represented intrinsically in the resting human brain through examination of spontaneous fluctuations in the functional MRI blood oxygen level-dependent signal. We identify two diametrically opposed, widely distributed brain networks on the basis of both spontaneous correlations within each network and anticorrelations between networks. One network consists of regions routinely exhibiting task-related activations and the other of regions routinely exhibiting task-related deactivations. This intrinsic organization, featuring the presence of anticorrelated networks in the absence of overt task performance, provides a critical context in which to understand brain function. We suggest that both task-driven neuronal responses and behavior are reflections of this dynamic, ongoing, functional organization of the brain.
7,741 citations
TL;DR: The data allow us to reject alternative accounts of the function of the fusiform face area (area “FF”) that appeal to visual attention, subordinate-level classification, or general processing of any animate or human forms, demonstrating that this region is selectively involved in the perception of faces.
Abstract: Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we found an area in the fusiform gyrus in 12 of the 15 subjects tested that was significantly more active when the subjects viewed faces than when they viewed assorted common objects. This face activation was used to define a specific region of interest individually for each subject, within which several new tests of face specificity were run. In each of five subjects tested, the predefined candidate “face area” also responded significantly more strongly to passive viewing of (1) intact than scrambled two-tone faces, (2) full front-view face photos than front-view photos of houses, and (in a different set of five subjects) (3) three-quarter-view face photos (with hair concealed) than photos of human hands; it also responded more strongly during (4) a consecutive matching task performed on three-quarter-view faces versus hands. Our technique of running multiple tests applied to the same region defined functionally within individual subjects provides a solution to two common problems in functional imaging: (1) the requirement to correct for multiple statistical comparisons and (2) the inevitable ambiguity in the interpretation of any study in which only two or three conditions are compared. Our data allow us to reject alternative accounts of the function of the fusiform face area (area “FF”) that appeal to visual attention, subordinate-level classification, or general processing of any animate or human forms, demonstrating that this region is selectively involved in the perception of faces.
7,059 citations
"Re-evaluating the role of TPJ in at..." refers methods in this paper
...The identification of functional regions in this manner is common practice in much of the human neuroimaging literature and is used routinely to define perceptual areas with boundaries that vary from individual-to-individual (Sereno et al., 1995; Kanwisher et al., 1997; Gandhi et al., 1999)....
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