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Journal ArticleDOI

Reactive transport modelling of the impact of CO2 injection on the clayey cap rock at Sleipner (North Sea)

25 Apr 2005-Chemical Geology (Elsevier)-Vol. 217, Iss: 3, pp 319-337
TL;DR: In this paper, a reactive transport modelling including reaction kinetics was performed of dissolved CO2 in the cap rock at Sleipner (37 °C, 101.3×105 Pa).
About: This article is published in Chemical Geology.The article was published on 2005-04-25. It has received 395 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Carbonate.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 2008-Elements
TL;DR: Carbon dioxide capture and sequestration (CCS) in deep geological formations has recently emerged as an important option for reducing greenhouse emissions as discussed by the authors, and if CCS is implemented on the scale needed to make noticeable reductions in atmospheric CO2, a billion metric tons or more must be sequestered annually, a 250 fold increase over the amount sequestered today.
Abstract: Carbon dioxide capture and sequestration (CCS) in deep geological formations has recently emerged as an important option for reducing greenhouse emissions. If CCS is implemented on the scale needed to make noticeable reductions in atmospheric CO2, a billion metric tons or more must be sequestered annually—a 250 fold increase over the amount sequestered today. Securing such a large volume will require a solid scientific foundation defining the coupled hydrologic-geochemical-geomechanical processes that govern the long-term fate of CO2 in the subsurface. Also needed are methods to characterize and select sequestration sites, subsurface engineering to optimize performance and cost, approaches to ensure safe operation, monitoring technology, remediation methods, regulatory overview, and an institutional approach for managing long-term liability.

730 citations


Cites background from "Reactive transport modelling of the..."

  • ...In general, the simulations suggest that, initially, carbonate cements dissolve, potentially increasing porosity; later, reactions are dominated by the dissolution of feldspar and the precipitation of carbonate minerals and clays, thus decreasing porosity and permeability (Gaus et al. 2005)....

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  • ...In general, the simulations suggest that, initially, carbonate cements dissolve, potentially increasing porosity; later, reactions are dominated by the dissolution of feldspar and the precipitation of carbonate minerals and clays, thus decreasing porosity and permeability (Gaus et al. 2005)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the main aspects that are possibly affecting the safety and/or feasibility of the CO 2 storage scheme are reviewed and identified, based on each interaction environment, and the methodologies for assessing CO 2-rock interactions are discussed.

526 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, diffusive transport and gas sorption experiments on one well characterised shale sample (Muderong Shale, Australia) and different clay minerals were performed to obtain information on the sealing integrity and the CO2 storage potential of these materials.

525 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a review of the geomechanics and modeling of geOMEchanics associated with geologic carbon storage (GCS), focusing on storage in deep sedimentary formations, in particular saline aquifers.
Abstract: This paper provides a review of the geomechanics and modeling of geomechanics associated with geologic carbon storage (GCS), focusing on storage in deep sedimentary formations, in particular saline aquifers. The paper first introduces the concept of storage in deep sedimentary formations, the geomechanical processes and issues related with such an operation, and the relevant geomechanical modeling tools. This is followed by a more detailed review of geomechanical aspects, including reservoir stress-strain and microseismicity, well integrity, caprock sealing performance, and the potential for fault reactivation and notable (felt) seismic events. Geomechanical observations at current GCS field deployments, mainly at the In Salah CO2 storage project in Algeria, are also integrated into the review. The In Salah project, with its injection into a relatively thin, low-permeability sandstone is an excellent analogue to the saline aquifers that might be used for large scale GCS in parts of Northwest Europe, the U.S. Midwest, and China. Some of the lessons learned at In Salah related to geomechanics are discussed, including how monitoring of geomechanical responses is used for detecting subsurface geomechanical changes and tracking fluid movements, and how such monitoring and geomechanical analyses have led to preventative changes in the injection parameters. Recently, the importance of geomechanics has become more widely recognized among GCS stakeholders, especially with respect to the potential for triggering notable (felt) seismic events and how such events could impact the long-term integrity of a CO2 repository (as well as how it could impact the public perception of GCS). As described in the paper, to date, no notable seismic event has been reported from any of the current CO2 storage projects, although some unfelt microseismic activities have been detected by geophones. However, potential future commercial GCS operations from large power plants will require injection at a much larger scale. For such large-scale injections, a staged, learn-as-you-go approach is recommended, involving a gradual increase of injection rates combined with continuous monitoring of geomechanical changes, as well as siting beneath a multiple layered overburden for multiple flow barrier protection, should an unexpected deep fault reactivation occur.

501 citations


Cites background from "Reactive transport modelling of the..."

  • ...Studies generally show that for a low-permeability caprock, over thousand of years of exposure, only the lowest few meters of the caprock may be affected by the CO2-rich fluid, and the effect on hydraulic and mechanical properties appears to be very small (Gaus et al., 2005; Ojala, 2011; Fleury et al., 2010; Hangx et al., 2010; Bildstein et al., 2010)....

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  • ...…over thousand of years of exposure, only the lowest few meters of the caprock may be affected by the CO2-rich fluid, and the effect on hydraulic and mechanical properties appears to be very small (Gaus et al., 2005; Ojala, 2011; Fleury et al., 2010; Hangx et al., 2010; Bildstein et al., 2010)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 2008-Elements
TL;DR: CarbFix as discussed by the authors injects CO2 into permeable basaltic rocks in an attempt to form carbonate minerals directly through a coupled dissolution-precipitation process.
Abstract: A survey of the global carbon reservoirs suggests that the most stable, long-term storage mechanism for atmospheric CO2 is the formation of carbonate minerals such as calcite, dolomite and magnesite. The feasibility is demonstrated by the proportion of terrestrial carbon bound in these minerals: at least 40,000 times more carbon is present in carbonate rocks than in the atmosphere. Atmospheric carbon can be transformed into carbonate minerals either ex situ, as part of an industrial process, or in situ, by injection into geological formations where the elements required for carbonate-mineral formation are present. Many challenges in mineral carbonation remain to be resolved. They include overcoming the slow kinetics of mineral-fluid reactions, dealing with the large volume of source material required and reducing the energy needed to hasten the carbonation process. To address these challenges, several pilot studies have been launched, including the CarbFix program in Iceland. The aim of CarbFix is to inject CO2 into permeable basaltic rocks in an attempt to form carbonate minerals directly through a coupled dissolution-precipitation process.

470 citations

References
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ReportDOI
TL;DR: PHREEQC as discussed by the authors is a C program written in the C programming language that is designed to perform a wide variety of low-temperature aqueous geochemical calculations.
Abstract: PHREEQC version 2 is a computer program written in the C programming language that is designed to perform a wide variety of low-temperature aqueous geochemical calculations. PHREEQC is based on an ion-association aqueous model and has capabilities for (1) speciation and saturation-index calculations; (2) batch-reaction and onedimensional (1D) transport calculations involving reversible reactions, which include aqueous, mineral, gas, solidsolution, surface-complexation, and ion-exchange equilibria, and irreversible reactions, which include specified mole transfers of reactants, kinetically controlled reactions, mixing of solutions, and temperature changes; and (3) inverse modeling, which finds sets of mineral and gas mole transfers that account for differences in composition between waters, within specified compositional uncertainty limits. New features in PHREEQC version 2 relative to version 1 include capabilities to simulate dispersion (or diffusion) and stagnant zones in 1D-transport calculations, to model kinetic reactions with user-defined rate expressions, to model the formation or dissolution of ideal, multicomponent or nonideal, binary solid solutions, to model fixed-volume gas phases in addition to fixed-pressure gas phases, to allow the number of surface or exchange sites to vary with the dissolution or precipitation of minerals or kinetic reactants, to include isotope mole balances in inverse modeling calculations, to automatically use multiple sets of convergence parameters, to print user-defined quantities to the primary output file and (or) to a file suitable for importation into a spreadsheet, and to define solution compositions in a format more compatible with spreadsheet programs. This report presents the equations that are the basis for chemical equilibrium, kinetic, transport, and inverse modeling calculations in PHREEQC; describes the input for the program; and presents examples that demonstrate most of the program's capabilities.

7,654 citations

01 Jan 1979

5,480 citations

Book
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive and quantitative approach to the study of groundwater quality is presented in order to predict what the effect of present-day human activities will be on that scale.
Abstract: Groundwater geochemistry is an interdisciplinary science concerned with the chemistry in the subsurface environment. The chemical composition of groundwater is the combined result of the quality of water that enters the groundwater reservoir and reactions with minerals and organic matter of the aquifer matrix may modify the water quality. Apart from natural processes as controlling factors on the groundwater quality, in recent years the effect of pollution, such as nitrate from fertilizers and acid rain, also influences the groundwater chemistry. Due to the long residence time of groundwater in the invisible subsurface environment, the effect of pollution may first become apparent tens to hundreds of years afterwards. A proper understanding of the processes occurring in aquifers is required in order to predict what the effect of present day human activities will be on that scale. This book presents a comprehensive and quantitative approach to the study of groundwater quality. Practical examples of application are presented throughout the text.

4,767 citations

Book
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: The origin of Porosity and permeability of ground water is discussed in this article, along with a discussion of the role of mass transport in ground water flow in the Basin Hydrologic Cycle.
Abstract: The Origin of Porosity and Permeability. Ground-Water Movement. Main Equations of Flow, Boundary Conditions, and Flow Nets. Ground Water in the Basin Hydrologic Cycle. Hydraulic Testing: Models, Methods, and Applications. Ground Water as a Resource. Stress, Strain, and Pore Fluids. Heat Transport in Ground-Water Flow. Solute Transport. Principles of Aqueous Geochemistry. Chemical Reactions. Colloids and Microorganisms. The Equations of Mass Transport. Mass Transport in Natural Ground-Water Systems. Mass Transport in Ground-Water Flow: Geologic Systems. Introduction to Contaminant Hydrogeology. Modeling the Transport of Dissolved Contaminants. Multiphase Fluid Systems. Remediation: Overview and Removal Options. In Situ Destruction and Risk Assessment. Answers to Problems. Appendices. References. Index.

2,930 citations