Real-time detection of electrocardiogram wave features using template matching and implementation in FPGA
18 Mar 2015-International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology (Inderscience Publishers)-Vol. 17, Iss: 3, pp 290-313
TL;DR: An algorithm for real–time detection of wave peaks and their features from single lead ECG data, which was implemented on Xilinx Spartan III Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and clinically validated by medical expert.
Abstract: Electrocardiogram (ECG) can provide valuable clinical information on cardiac functions. This paper illustrates an algorithm for real–time detection of wave peaks and their features from single lead ECG data. At first, the ECG data was filtered for power line interference and high frequency noise. Then, a set of slope and polarity–based rule bases were generated from the first 6000 samples, which define templates of R–peak, P–and T–wave detection from the following beats. The algorithm was implemented on Xilinx Spartan III Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). For testing of the algorithm, ECG data was quantised at 8–bit resolution and delivered to the FPGA using synchronous transfer mechanism using parallel port of computer. Xilinx implementation results provided 97.58%, 98.4% and 97.78% detection sensitivity for P–, R– and T–waves, respectively. Different wave features (height, polarity and duration) were detected with an average error rate of 9.3%. The detected wave signatures were clinically validated by medical expert.
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TL;DR: This study presents a new field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based hardware implementation of the QRS complex detection, mainly based on the Pan and Tompkins algorithm, but applying a new, simple, and efficient technique in the detection stage.
Abstract: The continuous monitoring of cardiac patients requires an ambulatory system that can automatically detect heart diseases. This study presents a new field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based hardware implementation of the QRS complex detection. The proposed detection system is mainly based on the Pan and Tompkins algorithm, but applying a new, simple, and efficient technique in the detection stage. The new method is based on the centred derivative and the intermediate value theorem, to locate the QRS peaks. The proposed architecture has been implemented on FPGA using the Xilinx System Generator for digital signal processor and the Nexys-4 FPGA evaluation kit. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed system, a comparative study has been performed between the resulting performances and those obtained with existing QRS detection systems, in terms of reliability, execution time, and FPGA resources estimation. The proposed architecture has been validated using the 48 half-hours of records obtained from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology - Beth Israel Hospital (MIT-BIH) arrhythmia database. It has also been validated in real time via the analogue discovery device.
15 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a resource efficient and low power architecture using Integer Haar Wavelet Transform (IHT) for the complete delineation of ECG signal has been presented, which uses single scale wavelet coefficients to delineate P-QRS-T features making it computationally simple.
6 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a resource efficient and low power architecture using Integer Haar Wavelet Transform (IHT) for the complete delineation of ECG signal has been presented, which uses single scale wavelet coefficients to delineate P-QRS-T features making it computationally simple.
4 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the use of SIMD components in Field-Programmable GAssembles has been studied for error-resilient programs intertwined with their quest for high throughput.
Abstract: The rapid evolution of error-resilient programs intertwined with their quest for high throughput has motivated the use of Single Instruction, Multiple Data (SIMD) components in Field-Programmable G...
2 citations
TL;DR: RAPID as mentioned in this paper is the first pipelined approximate multiplier and divider architecture, customized for FPGAs, which efficiently utilizes 6-input Look-up Tables (6-LUTs) and fast carry chains to implement Mitchell's approximate algorithms.
Abstract: The rapid updates in error-resilient applications along with their quest for high throughput have motivated designing fast approximate functional units for Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). Studies that proposed imprecise functional techniques are posed with three shortcomings: first, most inexact multipliers and dividers are specialized for Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) platforms. Second, state-of-the-art (SoA) approximate units are substituted, mostly in a single kernel of a multi-kernel application. Moreover, the end-to-end assessment is adopted on the Quality of Results (QoR), but not on the overall gained performance. Finally, existing imprecise components are not designed to support a pipelined approach, which could boost the operating frequency/throughput of, e.g., division-included applications. In this paper, we propose RAPID, the first pipelined approximate multiplier and divider architecture, customized for FPGAs. The proposed units efficiently utilize 6-input Look-up Tables (6-LUTs) and fast carry chains to implement Mitchell's approximate algorithms. Our novel error-refinement scheme not only has negligible overhead over the baseline Mitchell's approach but also boosts its accuracy to 99.4% for arbitrary size of multiplication and division. Experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed pipelined and non-pipelined RAPID multipliers and dividers over accurate counterparts. Moreover, the end-to-end evaluations of RAPID, deployed in three multi-kernel applications in the domains of bio-signal processing, image processing, and moving object tracking for Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAV) indicate up to 45% improvements in area, latency, and Area-Delay-Product (ADP), respectively, over accurate kernels, with negligible loss in QoR.
1 citations
References
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TL;DR: A low-complexity algorithm for the extraction of the fiducial points from the electrocardiogram, based on the discrete wavelet transform with the Haar function being the mother wavelet, which achieves an ideal tradeoff between computational complexity and performance, a key requirement in remote cardiovascular disease monitoring systems.
Abstract: This paper introduces a low-complexity algorithm for the extraction of the fiducial points from the electrocardiogram (ECG). The application area we consider is that of remote cardiovascular monitoring, where continuous sensing and processing takes place in low-power, computationally constrained devices, thus the power consumption and complexity of the processing algorithms should remain at a minimum level. Under this context, we choose to employ the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) with the Haar function being the mother wavelet, as our principal analysis method. From the modulus-maxima analysis on the DWT coefficients, an approximation of the ECG fiducial points is extracted. These initial findings are complimented with a refinement stage, based on the time-domain morphological properties of the ECG, which alleviates the decreased temporal resolution of the DWT. The resulting algorithm is a hybrid scheme of time- and frequency-domain signal processing. Feature extraction results from 27 ECG signals from QTDB were tested against manual annotations and used to compare our approach against the state-of-the art ECG delineators. In addition, 450 signals from the 15-lead PTBDB are used to evaluate the obtained performance against the CSE tolerance limits. Our findings indicate that all but one CSE limits are satisfied. This level of performance combined with a complexity analysis, where the upper bound of the proposed algorithm, in terms of arithmetic operations, is calculated as 2.423N+214 additions and 1.093N+12 multiplications for N ≤ 861 or 2.553N+102 additions and 1.093N+10 multiplications for N > 861 (N being the number of input samples), reveals that the proposed method achieves an ideal tradeoff between computational complexity and performance, a key requirement in remote cardiovascular disease monitoring systems.
173 citations
TL;DR: A simple, low-latency, and accurate algorithm for real-time detection of P-QRS-T waves in the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal and it will be shown that the results of the proposed method are reliable for a minimum signal quality value of 70%.
99 citations
"Real-time detection of electrocardi..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In another approach (Karimipour and Homaeinezhad, 2014), a correlation analysis was performed between the training generated template and probable candidates of P- and T-waves in the R–R interval....
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..., 2011), signal analysis (Timothy et al., 2014; Homaeinezhad et al., 2014; Karimipour and Homaeinezhad, 2014; Chouhan and Mehta, 2008), and monitoring (Ravinder et al....
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TL;DR: The implementation of an adaptive canceller of interference using a field-programmable gate array (Xilinx) programmable logic device/mechanism that allows the canceller to adapt to changes in the characteristics of the signal.
Abstract: The implementation of an adaptive canceller of interference using a field-programmable gate array (Xilinx) programmable logic device/mechanism is shown in this paper. The adaptive canceller automatically adjusts its parameters to eliminate noise. This ability allows the canceller to adapt to changes in the characteristics of the signal. The use of this adaptive canceller to filter the interference noise that is caused by the power line is shown.
46 citations
01 Jan 2008
TL;DR: The presented algorithm detects and delineates both P and T-waves simultaneously and employs a modified definition of slope, ofECG signal, as the feature for detection of ECG wave components.
Abstract: Summary Detection of P and T waves is an important part in the analysis and interpretation of ECG. The presented algorithm detects and delineates both P and T-waves simultaneously. It employs a modified definition of slope, of ECG signal, as the feature for detection of ECG wave components. A number of transformations of the filtered and baseline drift corrected ECG signal are used for extraction of this new modified slope-feature. Five feature-components are combined to derive the final feature signal. Amplitude threshold of the final feature signal is employed for distinguishing P and T waves with respect to already detected QRS-complexes. P-wave detection rate of 96.95% with false positive and false negative percentage of 2.62% and 3.01% has been reported. Similarly, T-wave detection rate of 98.01% with false positive and false negative percentage of 3.08% and 1.93% has been reported.
43 citations
"Real-time detection of electrocardi..." refers background in this paper
..., 2011), signal analysis (Timothy et al., 2014; Homaeinezhad et al., 2014; Karimipour and Homaeinezhad, 2014; Chouhan and Mehta, 2008), and monitoring (Ravinder et al....
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TL;DR: A novel multilead (ML) based automatic strategy for delineation of ECG boundaries is proposed and evaluated with respect to the QRS and T-wave boundaries, providing more robust, accurate, and stable boundary locations than any electrocardiographic lead by itself and outperforming strategies based on lead selection rules after SL delineation.
Abstract: In this paper, a novel multilead (ML) based automatic strategy for delineation of ECG boundaries is proposed and evaluated with respect to the QRS and T-wave boundaries. The ML strategy is designed from a single-lead (SL) wavelet-transform-based delineation system. It departs from three orthogonal leads and takes advantage of the spatial information provided using a derived lead better fitted for delineation. SL delineation is then applied over this optimal derived lead. The ML strategy produces a reduced error dispersion compared to SL results, thus providing more robust, accurate, and stable boundary locations than any electrocardiographic lead by itself and outperforming strategies based on lead selection rules after SL delineation.
40 citations
"Real-time detection of electrocardi..." refers methods in this paper
...A multi-lead ECG delineation using spatially projected leads from wavelet transform loops is addressed by Almeida et al. (2009). Vaneghi et al....
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..., 1995; Xu and Liu, 2005; Benitez et al., 2000), matched filter based approach (Ruha et al., 1997; Lindecrantz and Lilja, 1988) and many other. Real-time analysis of ventricular late potentials using wavelets and FFT spectrum is addressed by Sivakumar et al. (2011), with simultaneous processing and recording of the next beat, for increasing speed of processing....
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