Recent Advances in Bioplastics: Application and Biodegradation.
TL;DR: This review summarises the advances in drug delivery systems, specifically design of nanoparticles based on the biodegradable polymers, and provides an overview of theBiodegradation of these polymers and composites in managed and unmanaged environments.
Abstract: The success of oil-based plastics and the continued growth of production and utilisation can be attributed to their cost, durability, strength to weight ratio, and eight contributions to the ease of everyday life. However, their mainly single use, durability and recalcitrant nature have led to a substantial increase of plastics as a fraction of municipal solid waste. The need to substitute single use products that are not easy to collect has inspired a lot of research towards finding sustainable replacements for oil-based plastics. In addition, specific physicochemical, biological, and degradation properties of biodegradable polymers have made them attractive materials for biomedical applications. This review summarises the advances in drug delivery systems, specifically design of nanoparticles based on the biodegradable polymers. We also discuss the research performed in the area of biophotonics and challenges and opportunities brought by the design and application of biodegradable polymers in tissue engineering. We then discuss state-of-the-art research in the design and application of biodegradable polymers in packaging and emphasise the advances in smart packaging development. Finally, we provide an overview of the biodegradation of these polymers and composites in managed and unmanaged environments.
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01 Apr 2010
TL;DR: Polycaprolactone (PCL) was used in the biomaterials field and a number of drug-delivery devices for up to 3-4 years as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: During the resorbable-polymer-boom of the 1970s and 1980s, polycaprolactone (PCL) was used in the biomaterials field and a number of drug-delivery devices. Its popularity was soon superseded by faster resorbable polymers which had fewer perceived disadvantages associated with long term degradation (up to 3-4 years) and intracellular resorption pathways; consequently, PCL was almost forgotten for most of two decades. Recently, a resurgence of interest has propelled PCL back into the biomaterials-arena. The superior rheological and viscoelastic properties over many of its aliphatic polyester counterparts renders PCL easy to manufacture and manipulate into a large range of implants and devices. Coupled with relatively inexpensive production routes and FDA approval, this provides a promising platform for the production of longer-term degradable implants which may be manipulated physically, chemically and biologically to possess tailorable degradation kinetics to suit a specific anatomical site. This review will discuss the application of PCL as a biomaterial over the last two decades focusing on the advantages which have propagated its return into the spotlight with a particular focus on medical devices, drug delivery and tissue engineering.
480 citations
TL;DR: This article compares the syntheses/processing-morphology-properties interrelationships in PLA-based blends developed so far for various applications and considers favorably for biomedical applications and as the most promising substitute for petroleum-based polymers in a wide range of commodity and engineering applications.
407 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review summarizes recent advances in the development of biodegradable plastics and their safe degradation potentials and their applicability, degradation and role in sustainable development.
161 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: This book discusses food science and technology course elements, which include traditional and novel methods of microbial detection, and its applications in the food processing and packaging industry.
Abstract: List of contributors. 1 Introduction ( Geoffrey Campbell-Platt). 1.1 Food science and technology course elements. 1.2 Evolution of the book. 1.3 Food safety assurance. 1.4 The International Union of Food Science and Technology (IUFoST). 1.5 The book. 2 Food chemistry ( Richard A. Frazier). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Carbohydrates. 2.3 Proteins. 2.4 Lipids. 2.5 Minor components of foods. 2.6 Water in foods. 2.7 Physical chemistry of dispersed systems. 2.8 Chemical aspects of organoleptic properties. 3 Food analysis ( Heinz-Dieter Isengard and Dietmar Breithaupt). 3.1 Macro analysis. 3.2 Instrumental methods. 4 Food biochemistry ( Rickey Y. Yada and Brian C. Bryksa). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Carbohydrates. 4.3 Proteins. 4.4 Lipids. 4.5 Nucleic acids. 4.6 Enzymology. 4.7 Food processing and storage. 4.8 Summary. 5 Food biotechnology ( Cherl-Ho Lee). 5.1 History of food biotechnology. 5.2 Traditional fermentation technology. 5.3 Enzyme technology. 5.4 Modern biotechnology. 5.5 Genetic engineering. 5.6 Tissue culture. 5.7 Future prospects. 6 Food microbiology ( Tim Aldsworth, Christine E.R. Dodd and Will Waites). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Microorganisms important to the food industry. 6.3 Microscopic appearance of microorganisms. 6.4 Culturing microorganisms. 6.5 Microbial growth. 6.6 Methods of measuring growth. 6.7 Microbial biochemistry and metabolism. 6.8 Agents of foodborne illness. 6.9 Outbreaks. 6.10 An outbreak that wasn't! 6.11 Incidence of foodborne illness. 6.12 The Richmond Report on the microbiological safety of food. 6.13 Water-borne diseases. 6.14 Traditional and novel methods of microbial detection. 6.15 Microbiological sampling plans. 6.16 Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points. 6.17 Hygienic factory design. 6.18 Microbial fermentation. 7 Numerical procedures ( R. Paul Singh). 7.1 SI system of units. 7.2 Rules for using SI units. 7.3 Equation. 7.4 Graphs - linear and exponential plots. 7.5 Calculus. 8 Food physics ( Keshavan Niranjan and Gustavo Fidel Gutierrez-Lopez). 8.1 Physical principles. 8.2 Material properties. 9 Food processing ( Jianshe Chen and Andrew Rosenthal). 9.1 Fundamentals of fluid flow. 9.2 Principles of heat transfer. 9.3 Unit operations. 9.4 Food preservation. 9.5 Food processes and flowcharts. 10 Food engineering ( R. Paul Singh). 10.1 Engineering aspects of hygienic design and operation. 10.2 Cleaning and sanitizing. 10.3 Process controls. 10.4 Storage vessels. 10.5 Handling solid foods in a processing plant. 10.6 Storage of fruits and vegetables. 10.7 Refrigerated transport of fruits and vegetables. 10.8 Water quality and wastewater treatment in food processing. 11 Food packaging ( Gordon L. Robertson). 11.1 Requirements of packaging materials. 11.2 Classification of packaging materials. 11.3 Permeability characteristics of plastic packaging. 11.4 Interactions between packaging materials and food. 11.5 Packaging systems. 11.6 Package closures and integrity. 11.7 Environmental impacts of packaging. 12 Nutrition ( C.J.K. Henry and Lis Ahlstrom). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Human energy requirements. 12.3 Protein. 12.4 Carbohydrates. 12.5 Lipids and energy density. 12.6 Micronutrients - vitamins, minerals and trace minerals. 13 Sensory evaluation ( Herbert Stone and Rebecca N. Bleibaum). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Background and definition. 13.3 Facilities. 13.4 Subjects. 13.5 Methods. 14 Statistical analysis ( Herbert Stone and Rebecca N. Bleibaum). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Descriptive statistics. 14.3 Inferential statistics. 14.4 Correlation, regression, and multivariate statistics. 15 Quality assurance and legislation ( David Jukes). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Fundamentals of food law. 15.3 Food quality management systems. 15.4 Statistical process control. 16 Regulatory toxicology ( Gerald G. Moy). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Regulatory toxicology. 16.3 Chemical hazards in food. 16.4 Conclusions. 17 Food business management: principles and practice ( Michael Bourlakis, David B. Grant and Paul Weightman). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 The food business environment. 17.3 The UK food chain system. 17.4 Characteristics of UK food retailers. 17.5 Characteristics of UK food processors. 17.6 Marketing in food business management. 17.7 Food operations management. 17.8 Human resource management. 17.9 Finance and accounting for food firms. 17.10 Conclusions. 18 Food marketing ( Takahide Yamaguchi). 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Marketing principles. 18.3 Marketing research. 18.4 Strategic marketing and the marketing plan. 19 Product development ( Ray Winger). 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 Background. 19.3 Class protocols. 20 Information technology ( Sue H.A. Hill and Jeremy D. Selman). 20.1 PC software packages. 20.2 Managing information. 20.3 Electronic communication. 21 Communication and transferable skills ( Jeremy D. Selman and Sue H.A. Hill). 21.1 Study skills. 21.2 Information retrieval. 21.3 Communication and presentational skills. 21.4 Team and problem solving skills. Index.
154 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review the field of bioplastics, including standards and life cycle assessment studies, and discuss some of the challenges that can be currently identified with the adoption of these materials.
Abstract: The European Union is working towards the 2050 net-zero emissions goal and tackling the ever-growing environmental and sustainability crisis by implementing the European Green Deal. The shift towards a more sustainable society is intertwined with the production, use, and disposal of plastic in the European economy. Emissions generated by plastic production, plastic waste, littering and leakage in nature, insufficient recycling, are some of the issues addressed by the European Commission. Adoption of bioplastics–plastics that are biodegradable, bio-based, or both–is under assessment as one way to decouple society from the use of fossil resources, and to mitigate specific environmental risks related to plastic waste. In this work, we aim at reviewing the field of bioplastics, including standards and life cycle assessment studies, and discuss some of the challenges that can be currently identified with the adoption of these materials.
111 citations
References
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TL;DR: By identifying and synthesizing dispersed data on production, use, and end-of-life management of polymer resins, synthetic fibers, and additives, this work presents the first global analysis of all mass-produced plastics ever manufactured.
Abstract: Plastics have outgrown most man-made materials and have long been under environmental scrutiny. However, robust global information, particularly about their end-of-life fate, is lacking. By identifying and synthesizing dispersed data on production, use, and end-of-life management of polymer resins, synthetic fibers, and additives, we present the first global analysis of all mass-produced plastics ever manufactured. We estimate that 8300 million metric tons (Mt) as of virgin plastics have been produced to date. As of 2015, approximately 6300 Mt of plastic waste had been generated, around 9% of which had been recycled, 12% was incinerated, and 79% was accumulated in landfills or the natural environment. If current production and waste management trends continue, roughly 12,000 Mt of plastic waste will be in landfills or in the natural environment by 2050.
7,707 citations
"Recent Advances in Bioplastics: App..." refers background in this paper
...Furthermore, approximately 79% of all plastic ever produced has not been recycled [5], generating a large volume of plastic waste....
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...Ever since their wide scale production in the 1950s, plastics have permeated society due to their use in a wide range of applications [5]....
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TL;DR: This work combines available data on solid waste with a model that uses population density and economic status to estimate the amount of land-based plastic waste entering the ocean, which is estimated to be 275 million metric tons.
Abstract: Plastic debris in the marine environment is widely documented, but the quantity of plastic entering the ocean from waste generated on land is unknown. By linking worldwide data on solid waste, population density, and economic status, we estimated the mass of land-based plastic waste entering the ocean. We calculate that 275 million metric tons (MT) of plastic waste was generated in 192 coastal countries in 2010, with 4.8 to 12.7 million MT entering the ocean. Population size and the quality of waste management systems largely determine which countries contribute the greatest mass of uncaptured waste available to become plastic marine debris. Without waste management infrastructure improvements, the cumulative quantity of plastic waste available to enter the ocean from land is predicted to increase by an order of magnitude by 2025.
6,689 citations
"Recent Advances in Bioplastics: App..." refers background in this paper
...5–4% of the global plastic produced leaks into the ocean annually [9,12]....
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01 Jan 2015
5,515 citations
TL;DR: The mechanisms of generation and potential impacts of microplastics in the ocean environment are discussed, and the increasing levels of plastic pollution of the oceans are understood, it is important to better understand the impact of microPlastic in the Ocean food web.
4,706 citations
TL;DR: A major focus of this review is on factors that modulate the interaction of macrophages and foreign body giant cells on synthetic surfaces where the chemical, physical, and morphological characteristics of the synthetic surface are considered to play a role in modulating cellular events.
4,053 citations