Recent advances in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for pesticide analysis
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of liquid liquid microextraction (DLLME) techniques for analysis of trace emerging pesticides in water is presented in this paper, where thin-layer stripping voltammetric techniques at surface modified electrodes and spectrofluorimetric techniques coupled and implemented with DLLME are discussed.
Abstract: Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) techniques have attracted considerable interest because they are cost effective, easy to operate, and reliably preconcentrate trace levels of analytes in complex matrices. This comprehensive review is concerned with principles, applications and developments of DLLME techniques for analysis of trace emerging pesticides in water. DLLME techniques have had few couplings to spectrofluorimetric methods and relatively none with electrochemical techniques. We highly recommend thin-layer stripping voltammetric techniques at surface-modified electrodes and spectrofluorimetric techniques coupled and implemented with DLLME. Great attention should be focused on developing low-cost, precise methods for analysis of trace concentrations of pesticides in various biological and environmental samples. We describe milestones and the combination of nanotechniques in the DLLME field, green aspects, advantages and shortcomings of known DLLME protocols.
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TL;DR: In this article, the combined use of different types of ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (IL-DLLME) is described, such as META IL-DLME (magnetic effervescent tablet-assisted ionic Liquid- Liquid Micro Extraction), in-situ MR-IL-LME (in situ magnetic retrieval ionic-liqueficient liquid- liquid-extraction), and MIL-DTLME (MAGnetic ionic ionic liquids-based dispersive-liquid-microextraction) methods as well
226 citations
TL;DR: A review of modern sample preparation techniques combined with chromatographic techniques for identification and quantification of emerging contaminants in environmental matrices is presented in this paper, which includes solid phase extraction, solid phase microextraction, liquid-liquid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, liquid phase micro-extraction techniques, stir bar sorptive extraction, and pressurized liquid extraction, among others.
Abstract: Emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and endocrine disrupting compounds are ever-present in environmental matrices and they are known to pose negative effects on living organisms. The determination of these pollutants in different environmental matrices (such as water, soil, and sediments, among others) frequently requires separation techniques that are capable of high efficiency, unique selectivity and high sensitivity. However, direct analysis of these pollutants in complex matrices is difficult. For this reason, rapid, inexpensive, efficient and environmentally friendly sample preparation techniques have been developed prior to chromatographic quantification. Therefore, the aim of this article is to review recent publications (2010–2016) on modern sample preparation techniques combined with chromatographic techniques for identification and quantification of emerging pollutants in environmental matrices. These sample preparation techniques include solid phase extraction, solid phase microextraction, liquid-liquid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, liquid-phase microextraction techniques, stir bar sorptive extraction, and pressurized liquid extraction, among others.
139 citations
TL;DR: Further extensive study is needed for acetochlor, pirimiphos-methyl, endosulfan-a and azinphos-ethyl in order to better correlate their occurrence and potential toxic effects in aquatic life and humans.
89 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive overview on the automation of DLLME and related techniques performed in flow, batch, flow-batch, and in-syringe modes is presented.
Abstract: Liquid-phase microextraction has been one of the most studied sample pretreatment techniques in the last two decades. Apart from non-dispersive approaches, close attention has been also paid to microextraction methodologies based on emulsion formation using solvent-assisted dispersion, kinetic energy, or induction of solvent-oversaturation. These techniques exhibit attractive characteristics, such as simplicity, rapidness, versatility, high extraction efficiency, and environmental friendliness, and have stimulated significant progress in laboratory sample treatment. Moreover, further automation of these methods enables improvements in reproducibility and sample-throughput, as well as coupling with modern analytical instrumentation. Despite numerous reviews focused on dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) approaches, a critical survey on their automation is missing. Here, we present a comprehensive overview on the automation of DLLME and related techniques performed in flow, batch, flow-batch, and in-syringe modes. The challenges, advantages and drawbacks accompanying the different automation techniques are critically discussed, and an outlook on the perspectives of the automation strategies is presented.
85 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive review on clean-up and recent advances in analysis of biogenic amines (BAs) in human body and dairy products of foodstuffs are presented in this paper, where a major focus on analysis of BAs revealed no use of coupling DLLME techniques with electroanalytical techniques in particular stripping voltammetry.
Abstract: In the past few years, we have seen intense interest grow in chemistry, toxicity and analysis of biogenic amines (BAs). Thus, a comprehensive review on clean-up and recent advances in analysis of biogenic amines (BAs) in human body and dairy products of foodstuffs are presented. Liquid-liquid extraction, solid phase extraction, solid phase microextraction, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), cloud point extraction and hollow fiber-liquid phase microextraction represent the most common preconcentration techniques for BAs. HPLC, GC, TLC, spectrofluorimetry, capillary zone electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry are the most common analytical techniques used for analysis of BAs. DLLME techniques offer benefits over centrifugation, filtration and solid-phase extraction. The milestones and combination of nanotechniques in the DLLMEs field and green aspects of BAs in literature; advantages and drawbacks are addressed. A major focus on analysis of BAs revealed no use of coupling DLLME techniques with electroanalytical techniques in particular stripping voltammetry. Thus, voltammetric techniques at surface modified electrodes implemented with DLLME techniques is highly recommended for developing low cost and precise methods for analysis of BAs at ultra trace levels in foodstuffs. Conclusions have been drawn for future research is proposed.
85 citations
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4,485 citations
TL;DR: The ability of DLLME technique in the extraction of other organic compounds such as organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorus pesticides and substituted benzene compounds were studied.
2,959 citations
TL;DR: Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) is a sample-preparation technique that offers high enrichment factors from low volumes of water samples.
Abstract: Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) is a novel sample-preparation technique offering high enrichment factors from low volumes of water samples. It has found wide acceptance because of several advantages, including simplicity, low cost and ease of method development, which made it available to virtually all analytical laboratories. This review focuses on improvements made in DLLME since its introduction in 2006. We present use of DLLME with simultaneous derivatization of analytes and connection of DLLME to other sample-preparation techniques. We also describe exchange of toxic chlorinated solvents with low toxic hydrocarbons, alcohols and ionic liquids. We include application of DLLME to pre-concentration of metal ions and many more modifications of this newly developed technique. We briefly describe different applications of DLLME to several groups of analytes, including pesticides, pharmaceuticals, phenols and other compounds, and, finally, we predict some future trends.
413 citations
TL;DR: Results obtained indicated that this system could be tuned to a great extent because ionic liquids can be designable and the method does not suffer from the limitations of that in conventional solvent micro-extraction.
297 citations
TL;DR: The possible use of novel, non-toxic extracting agents, inter alia, ionic liquids, coacervates, surfactant solutions and reverse micelles in the liquid phase microextraction techniques has been evaluated in depth.
275 citations