Recent advances in emerging neuromorphic computing and perception devices
About: This article is published in Journal of Physics D.The article was published on 2022-02-03. It has received 14 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Neuromorphic engineering.
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TL;DR: In this paper , the von Neumann configuration is compared with state-of-the-art in-memory computing architecture, and the development and perspectives of 3D inmemory computing neuromorphic circuits are highlighted.
Abstract: Neuromorphic circuits emulating the bio‐brain functionality via artificial devices have achieved a substantial scientific leap in the past decade. However, even with the advent of highly advanced bio‐inspired algorithms, the artificial intelligence based on current neuromorphic circuits is lagging behind significantly when compared with naturally evolved biological neural circuits. This massive and intriguing discrepancy is partly due to the incomprehensive understanding of bio‐brain operating mechanism, which relies heavily on the extremely complexed entangled 3D hierarchical neural networks. Configuring 3D neuromorphic hardware with combined computing and memory functionalities, coupled with compatible progress of software algorithms, can be an inevitable route to surmount the limitation encountered by current 2D artificial circuits. Herein, referring to the neuron configuration in 3D perspective together with detailed signal generation and propagation mechanism, the von Neumann configuration is compared with state‐of‐the‐art in‐memory computing architecture, and the development and perspectives of 3D in‐memory computing neuromorphic circuits are highlighted.
29 citations
TL;DR: It is shown how any system with morphological degrees of freedom and locally limited free energy will, under the constraints of the free energy principle, evolve toward a neuromorphic morphology that supports hierarchical computations in which each “level” of the hierarchy enacts a coarse-graining of its inputs, and dually a grinding of its outputs.
Abstract: We show how any finite physical system with morphological, i.e. three-dimensional embedding or shape, degrees of freedom and locally limited free energy will, under the constraints of the free energy principle, evolve over time towards a neuromorphic morphology that supports hierarchical computations in which each ‘level’ of the hierarchy enacts a coarse-graining of its inputs, and dually, a fine-graining of its outputs. Such hierarchies occur throughout biology, from the architectures of intracellular signal transduction pathways to the large-scale organization of perception and action cycles in the mammalian brain. The close formal connections between cone-cocone diagrams (CCCD) as models of quantum reference frames on the one hand, and between CCCDs and topological quantum field theories on the other, allow the representation of such computations in the fully-general quantum-computational framework of topological quantum neural networks.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , an indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) nanofiber based photoelectric synapse was proposed for long-term potentiation and depression emulations by exploiting optical and electrical stimulus as the excitatory and inhibitory inputs.
Abstract: We propose an indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) nanofiber based photoelectric synapse. Long-term potentiation and depression emulations are realized by exploiting optical and electrical stimulus as the excitatory and inhibitory inputs, respectively. Significantly, IGZO nanofiber-based photoelectric synapse exhibit multilevel characteristics (up to 10 bits) with low updating energy (~1.0 fJ). Furthermore, an artificial neural network (ANN) based on IGZO nanofiber photoelectric synapse is built and evaluated through simulations. The performance indicates more than 93% accuracy in recognizing the standard MNIST handwritten digits, showing the great potential for high-precision neuromorphic computing by the IGZO nanofiber photoelectric synapse.
6 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the indium-gallium-zincoxide (IGZO) nanofiber-based photoelectric transistors are proposed for realizing tunable photoelectric synaptic plasticity by increasing the ratio of indium in the IGZO channel layer.
Abstract: Synaptic plasticity divided into long-term and short-term categories is regarded as the origin of memory and learning, which also inspires the construction of neuromorphic systems. However, it is difficult to mimic the two behaviors monolithically, which is due to the lack of time-tailoring approaches for a certain synaptic device. In this Letter, indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (IGZO) nanofiber-based photoelectric transistors are proposed for realizing tunable photoelectric synaptic plasticity by the indium composition ratio. Notably, short-term plasticity to long-term plasticity transition can be realized by increasing the ratio of indium in the IGZO channel layer. The spatiotemporal dynamic logic and low energy consumption (<100 fJ/spike) are obtained in devices with low indium ratio. Moreover, the symmetric spike-timing-dependent plasticity is achieved by exploiting customized light and electric pulse schemes. Photoelectric long-term plasticity, multi-level characteristics, and high recognition accuracy (93.5%) are emulated in devices with high indium ratio. Our results indicate that such a composition ratio modulated method could enrich the applications of IGZO nanofiber neuromorphic transistors toward the photoelectric neuromorphic systems.
4 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors review the development of short-term plasticity (STP) by bridging the physics in emerging devices and biological behaviors and explore the computational functions of various STP in biology and review their recent progress.
2 citations
References
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TL;DR: This article concludes a series of papers concerned with the flow of electric current through the surface membrane of a giant nerve fibre by putting them into mathematical form and showing that they will account for conduction and excitation in quantitative terms.
Abstract: This article concludes a series of papers concerned with the flow of electric current through the surface membrane of a giant nerve fibre (Hodgkinet al, 1952,J Physiol116, 424–448; Hodgkin and Huxley, 1952,J Physiol116, 449–566) Its general object is to discuss the results of the preceding papers (Section 1), to put them into mathematical form (Section 2) and to show that they will account for conduction and excitation in quantitative terms (Sections 3–6)
19,800 citations
TL;DR: The best understood form of long-term potentiation is induced by the activation of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor complex, which allows electrical events at the postsynaptic membrane to be transduced into chemical signals which, in turn, are thought to activate both pre- and post Synaptic mechanisms to generate a persistent increase in synaptic strength.
Abstract: Long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus is the primary experimental model for investigating the synaptic basis of learning and memory in vertebrates. The best understood form of long-term potentiation is induced by the activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex. This subtype of glutamate receptor endows long-term potentiation with Hebbian characteristics, and allows electrical events at the postsynaptic membrane to be transduced into chemical signals which, in turn, are thought to activate both pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms to generate a persistent increase in synaptic strength.
11,123 citations
TL;DR: The evidence for this hypothesis, and the origins of the different kinetic phases of synaptic enhancement, as well as the interpretation of statistical changes in transmitter release and roles played by other factors such as alterations in presynaptic Ca(2+) influx or postsynaptic levels of [Ca(2+)]i are discussed.
Abstract: ▪ Abstract Synaptic transmission is a dynamic process. Postsynaptic responses wax and wane as presynaptic activity evolves. This prominent characteristic of chemical synaptic transmission is a crucial determinant of the response properties of synapses and, in turn, of the stimulus properties selected by neural networks and of the patterns of activity generated by those networks. This review focuses on synaptic changes that result from prior activity in the synapse under study, and is restricted to short-term effects that last for at most a few minutes. Forms of synaptic enhancement, such as facilitation, augmentation, and post-tetanic potentiation, are usually attributed to effects of a residual elevation in presynaptic [Ca2+]i, acting on one or more molecular targets that appear to be distinct from the secretory trigger responsible for fast exocytosis and phasic release of transmitter to single action potentials. We discuss the evidence for this hypothesis, and the origins of the different kinetic phases...
4,687 citations
TL;DR: The results underscore the importance of precise spike timing, synaptic strength, and postsynaptic cell type in the activity-induced modification of central synapses and suggest that Hebb’s rule may need to incorporate a quantitative consideration of spike timing that reflects the narrow and asymmetric window for the induction of synaptic modification.
Abstract: In cultures of dissociated rat hippocampal neurons, persistent potentiation and depression of glutamatergic synapses were induced by correlated spiking of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. The relative timing between the presynaptic and postsynaptic spiking determined the direction and the extent of synaptic changes. Repetitive postsynaptic spiking within a time window of 20 msec after presynaptic activation resulted in long-term potentiation (LTP), whereas postsynaptic spiking within a window of 20 msec before the repetitive presynaptic activation led to long-term depression (LTD). Significant LTP occurred only at synapses with relatively low initial strength, whereas the extent of LTD did not show obvious dependence on the initial synaptic strength. Both LTP and LTD depended on the activation of NMDA receptors and were absent in cases in which the postsynaptic neurons were GABAergic in nature. Blockade of L-type calcium channels with nimodipine abolished the induction of LTD and reduced the extent of LTP. These results underscore the importance of precise spike timing, synaptic strength, and postsynaptic cell type in the activity-induced modification of central synapses and suggest that Hebb’s rule may need to incorporate a quantitative consideration of spike timing that reflects the narrow and asymmetric window for the induction of synaptic modification.
4,382 citations
TL;DR: b, R/R, is 11.8%, 20%, and 24%, respectively, consistent with Julliere's model based on the spin polarization of the conduction electrons of the magnetic films, in qualitative agreement with Slonczewski's model.
Abstract: Ferromagnetic-insulator-ferromagnetic tunneling has been measured in CoFe $/$A${\mathrm{l}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ $/$Co or NiFe junctions. At 295, 77, and 4.2 K the fractional change in junction resistance with magnetic field, $\ensuremath{\Delta}R/R$, is 11.8%, 20%, and 24%, respectively. The value at 4.2 K is consistent with Julliere's model based on the spin polarization of the conduction electrons of the magnetic films. $\ensuremath{\Delta}R/R$ changes little with a small voltage bias, whereas it decreases significantly at higher bias $(g0.1\mathrm{V})$, in qualitative agreement with Slonczewski's model. These junctions have potential use as low-power field sensors and memory elements.
3,285 citations