Recent Advances in Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment

Role of nanomaterial's as adsorbent for heterogeneous reaction in waste water treatment

Abstract: Industrial development takes part a vital part in the development of a country economy. On the other hand, it is also one reason for the declining circumstance of our ecology. Water pollution is a worldwide challenge that distresses ecology and social healthiness with substantial economic and public expenditures. The emergent shortage of portable water resources involves an efficient wastewater treatment system. One potential approach that numerous research has stated that success is nanomaterials in water and wastewater treatment. The rapid evolution of nanomaterial sciences research and its integrated techniques such as nanophotocatalyst has shown their emergent potential; conversely, there has not been a great extent of statistics available on their execution. Several nano-material based approaches employed in wastewater treatment deliberated in this manuscript. This review emphasises advances in nanotechnology and their respective kinetics, different reaction-based models for wastewater treatment.

Marine Bacteria—A Treasure House of Valuable Products and Functions

Abstract: Immense diversity of prokaryotes is reported for the oceans; however, we probably know only 0.01% of the microorganisms from marine ecosystems. Due to the burning need of new or novel therapeutic and environmental useful compounds, these less explored marine habitats have attracted various researchers since the last five decades. Nearly 16,000 natural products are discovered from marine organisms. Marine microbes are very diverse because they are exposed to wide variations in temperature, salinity, nutrition, and pressure at different levels. These extreme conditions are responsible for the presence of diverse photoautotrophs, chemolithotrophs, heterotrophs, nitrogen fixers, denitrifiers, luminescent as well as sulfur and iron oxidizers and reducing microorganisms. Various culture-dependent and -independent methods are used to explore the hidden microbial diversity and their potency. The chapter discusses about the production of various bioactive compounds, enzymes, neutraceuticals, exopolysaccharides, antibiotics, biosurfactants as well as the potential organisms useful in dye decolorization, microbial enhanced oil recovery, hydrocarbon degradation, and metal bioremediation. The chapter also deals with feature prospects in terms of valuable industrial and environmental significance of the bacterial community of oceans.

Use of chalcogenides-based nanomaterials for wastewater treatment including bacterial disinfection and organic contaminants degradation

Abstract: Nowadays pollution is a major concern for human mankind. As the generations are passing by, the more the worse it is getting to protect the environment. Every part of the environment is being contaminated due and in reverse, the humans and the other living being getting affected due to the consequences done by humans. Even though there are several technologies available to protect the environment still we find some voids to fill in and in this process, new technology evolves in. Water pollution is also considered to be one of the most ghastly situations, where economic development, rapid industrialization and even the population overgrowth is playing a key role. Due to rapid growth the release of several organic as well as inorganic substances into the environment, this is further leading to environmental pollution as well as the contamination of water. Because of this, combining nanotechnology in wastewater treatment will improve the quality of water. The major advantage of using the nanoparticles is they possess unique characteristics and have a high surface area where the unwanted particles get absorbed in these nanoparticles and get removed from them because of their high surface area. It can also be used for removing toxic substances. In this chapter, we discuss the latest technologies, which are available right now using the chalcogenides nanomaterials. Like, to disinfect the bacterial communities in wastewater, aspects of chalcogenide nanomaterials, as catalysts, remediation of various environmental contaminants, and their role in treating the contaminated water including organic contaminants degradation alongside bacterial disinfection.

Science and technology for water purification in the coming decades

Abstract: One of the most pervasive problems afflicting people throughout the world is inadequate access to clean water and sanitation. Problems with water are expected to grow worse in the coming decades, with water scarcity occurring globally, even in regions currently considered water-rich. Addressing these problems calls out for a tremendous amount of research to be conducted to identify robust new methods of purifying water at lower cost and with less energy, while at the same time minimizing the use of chemicals and impact on the environment. Here we highlight some of the science and technology being developed to improve the disinfection and decontamination of water, as well as efforts to increase water supplies through the safe re-use of wastewater and efficient desalination of sea and brackish water.

Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: A review

Abstract: Heavy metal pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems today. The treatment of heavy metals is of special concern due to their recalcitrance and persistence in the environment. In recent years, various methods for heavy metal removal from wastewater have been extensively studied. This paper reviews the current methods that have been used to treat heavy metal wastewater and evaluates these techniques. These technologies include chemical precipitation, ion-exchange, adsorption, membrane filtration, coagulation-flocculation, flotation and electrochemical methods. About 185 published studies (1988-2010) are reviewed in this paper. It is evident from the literature survey articles that ion-exchange, adsorption and membrane filtration are the most frequently studied for the treatment of heavy metal wastewater.

Graphene: The New Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial

Abstract: Every few years, a new material with unique properties emerges and fascinates the scientific community, typical recent examples being high-temperature superconductors and carbon nanotubes. Graphene is the latest sensation with unusual properties, such as half-integer quantum Hall effect and ballistic electron transport. This two-dimensional material which is the parent of all graphitic carbon forms is strictly expected to comprise a single layer, but there is considerable interest in investigating two-layer and few-layer graphenes as well. Synthesis and characterization of graphenes pose challenges, but there has been considerable progress in the last year or so. Herein, we present the status of graphene research which includes aspects related to synthesis, characterization, structure, and properties.

The Challenge of Micropollutants in Aquatic Systems

Abstract: The increasing worldwide contamination of freshwater systems with thousands of industrial and natural chemical compounds is one of the key environmental problems facing humanity. Although most of these compounds are present at low concentrations, many of them raise considerable toxicological concerns, particularly when present as components of complex mixtures. Here we review three scientific challenges in addressing water-quality problems caused by such micropollutants. First, tools to assess the impact of these pollutants on aquatic life and human health must be further developed and refined. Second, cost-effective and appropriate remediation and water-treatment technologies must be explored and implemented. Third, usage and disposal strategies, coupled with the search for environmentally more benign products and processes, should aim to minimize introduction of critical pollutants into the aquatic environment.