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Journal ArticleDOI

Recent advances in Penicillium expansum infection mechanisms and current methods in controlling P. expansum in postharvest apples.

TL;DR: In this article, the progress of research on the blue mold disease caused by P. expansum in apples, including physiological and molecular infection mechanisms, as well as various methods to control this common plant pathogen.
Abstract: One of the most significant challenges associated with postharvest apple deterioration is the blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum, which leads to considerable economic losses to apple production industries. Apple fruits are susceptible to mold infection owing to their high nutrient and water content, and current physical control methods can delay but cannot completely inhibit P. expansum growth. Biological control methods present promising alternatives; however, they are not always cost effective and have application restrictions. P. expansum infection not only enhances disease pathogenicity, but also inhibits the expression of host-related defense genes. The implementation of new ways to investigate and control P. expansum are expected with the advent of omics technology. Advances in these techniques, together with molecular biology approaches such as targeted gene deletion and whole genome sequencing, will lead to a better understanding of the P. expansum infectious machinery. Here, we review the progress of research on the blue mold disease caused by P. expansum in apples, including physiological and molecular infection mechanisms, as well as various methods to control this common plant pathogen.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the authors used contact glow discharge electrolysis (CGDE) to inactivate the fungal spores of P. expansum in clarified apple juice and achieved a 3.71 log inactivation of spores in the juice.
Abstract: Penicillium expansum spores in apple juice were treated with contact glow discharge electrolysis (CGDE), and the effect of different parameters on the efficiency of spore inactivation and the related mechanism were investigated. We found that CGDE effectively inactivated spores of P. expansum in the clarified apple juice. CGDE achieved a 3.71 log inactivation of spores in the juice with 1 cm electrode gap, at 520 V, and discharge time for 15 min. CGDE produced hydrogen peroxide in the juice, and the concentration reached 58.1 mg/L after discharged for 30 min. CGDE destroyed the integrity of the cell membrane in the spores, and reduced the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase by 68.1%, 81.8%, and 68.0% after discharged for 30 min. In addition, CGDE inhibited mycelial growth, reduced colony diameter by 18.9%, and decreased the lesion diameter by 41.4% in apples surface-inoculated with P. expansum. Taken together, CGDE could inactivate the spores of P. expansum in apple juice by inducing reactive oxygen species accumulation and disrupting the integrity of cell membrane of spores. CGDE can effectively inactivate the spores of P. expansum in apple juice. The device of CGDE is composed of a high voltage DC power supply, electrodes and a reaction vessel, which is connected easily with material pipeline, and suitable for handling liquids. Therefore, CGDE can be applicated in treating liquids contaminated with fungal spores in the food industry.

5 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , Salicylic acid (SA) was encapsulated in β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) via the host-guest inclusion complexation method, and the efficacy of SA microcapsules (SAM) against blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum in postharvest apple fruit was elucidated.
Abstract: Salicylic acid (SA) is a natural inducer of disease resistance in fruit, but its application in the food industry is limited due to low water solubility. Here, SA was encapsulated in β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) via the host–guest inclusion complexation method, and the efficacy of SA microcapsules (SAM) against blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum in postharvest apple fruit was elucidated. It was observed that SAM was the most effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of P. expansum in vitro. SAM was also superior to SA for control of blue mold under in vivo conditions. Enzyme activity analysis revealed that both SA and SAM enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) in apple fruit, whereas SAM led to higher SOD activities than SA. Total phenolic contents in the SAM group were higher than those in the SA group at the early stage of storage. SAM also improved fruit quality by retarding firmness loss and maintaining higher total soluble solids (TSS) contents. These findings indicate that microcapsules can serve as a promising formulation to load SA for increasing P. expansum inhibition activity and improving quality attributes in apple fruit.

2 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , Debaryomyces hansenii F9D was used to prevent fungal decay in apples by biocontrol yeasts during cold storage of fruit.

1 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors assessed the biocontrol efficacy of the antagonistic yeast, Debaryomyces hansenii , enhanced by alginate oligosaccharide (AOS) in controlling the postharvest decay of apples and studied the possible physiological mechanisms involved in this process.

1 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the authors evaluated the induced resistance of ferulic acid against blue mold of apples (cv. Qiujin) as well as the mechanism involved in its action, and found that 1.0 g L−1 ferilic acid remarkably reduced lesion diameter of Penicillium expansum-inoculated apples and colony diameter in vitro.

1 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Resistance-inducing and antagonistic rhizobacteria might be useful in formulating new inoculants with combinations of different mechanisms of action, leading to a more efficient use for biocontrol strategies to improve cropping systems.
Abstract: Bacteria that colonize plant roots and promote plant growth are referred to as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). PGPR are highly diverse and in this review we focus on rhizobacteria as biocontrol agents. Their effects can occur via local antagonism to soil-borne pathogens or by induction of systemic resistance against pathogens throughout the entire plant. Several substances produced by antagonistic rhizobacteria have been related to pathogen control and indirect promotion of growth in many plants, such as siderophores and antibiotics. Induced systemic resistance (ISR) in plants resembles pathogen-induced systemic acquired resistance (SAR) under conditions where the inducing bacteria and the challenging pathogen remain spatially separated. Both types of induced resistance render uninfected plant parts more resistant to pathogens in several plant species. Rhizobacteria induce resistance through the salicylic acid-dependent SAR pathway, or require jasmonic acid and ethylene perception from the plant for ISR. Rhizobacteria belonging to the genera Pseudomonas and Bacillus are well known for their antagonistic effects and their ability to trigger ISR. Resistance-inducing and antagonistic rhizobacteria might be useful in formulating new inoculants with combinations of different mechanisms of action, leading to a more efficient use for biocontrol strategies to improve cropping systems.

1,011 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Biological control of postharvest diseases (BCPD) has emerged as an effective alternative to fungicide use because wound-invading necrotrophic pathogens are vulnerable to biocontrol, antagonists can be applied directly to the targeted area (fruit wounds), and a single application can significantly reduce fruit decays.
Abstract: ▪ Abstract Losses from postharvest fruit diseases range from 1 to 20 percent in the United States, depending on the commodity. The application of fungicides to fruits after harvest to reduce decay has been increasingly curtailed by the development of pathogen resistance to many key fungicides, the lack of replacement fungicides, negative public perception regarding the safety of pesticides and consequent restrictions on fungicide use. Biological control of postharvest diseases (BCPD) has emerged as an effective alternative. Because wound-invading necrotrophic pathogens are vulnerable to biocontrol, antagonists can be applied directly to the targeted area (fruit wounds), and a single application using existing delivery systems (drenches, line sprayers, on-line dips) can significantly reduce fruit decays. The pioneering biocontrol products BioSave and Aspire were registered by EPA in 1995 for control of postharvest rots of pome and citrus fruit, respectively, and are commercially available. The limitations ...

994 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review summarises the current knowledge on the transcriptional regulation, focusing on the recently characterized transcription factors that regulate genes coding for enzymes involved in the breakdown of plant cell wall biopolymers.
Abstract: Plant cell wall consists mainly of the large biopolymers cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and pectin. These biopolymers are degraded by many microorganisms, in particular filamentous fungi, with the aid of extracellular enzymes. Filamentous fungi have a key role in degradation of the most abundant biopolymers found in nature, cellulose and hemicelluloses, and therefore are essential for the maintenance of the global carbon cycle. The production of plant cell wall degrading enzymes, cellulases, hemicellulases, ligninases and pectinases, is regulated mainly at the transcriptional level in filamentous fungi. The genes are induced in the presence of the polymers or molecules derived from the polymers and repressed under growth conditions where the production of these enzymes is not necessary, such as on glucose. The expression of the genes encoding the enzymes is regulated by various environmental and cellular factors, some of which are common while others are more unique to either a certain fungus or a class of enzymes. This review summarises our current knowledge on the transcriptional regulation, focusing on the recently characterized transcription factors that regulate genes coding for enzymes involved in the breakdown of plant cell wall biopolymers.

549 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence is provided that induced resistance against postharvest decay of citrus fruit should be considered an important component of the multiple modes of action of the yeast Candida oleophila.
Abstract: The yeast Candida oleophila, the base of the commercial product Aspire, is recommended for the control of postharvest decay in citrus and pome fruit Its modes of action include nutrient competition, site exclusion, and direct mycoparasitism In the present study, we showed that application of Candida oleophila to surface wounds or to intact ‘Marsh Seedless’ grapefruit elicited systemic resistance against Penicillium digitatum, the main postharvest pathogen of citrus fruit The induction of pathogen resistance in fruit was already pronounced 24 h after elicitation; it was distance, concentration, and time dependent and restricted to the peel tissue closely surrounding the yeast application site The induction of pathogen resistance required viable yeast cells at concentrations of 108 to 109 cells ml-1 Nonviable autoclaved or boiled yeast cells or lower yeast concentrations were ineffective in enhancing fruit disease resistance Application of Candida oleophila cell suspensions to grapefruit peel

301 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comprehensive and in-depth review on BP for LCB and microalgae biomass by focusing on the relevant overviews and perspectives, technological approaches, mechanisms, influencing factors, and recent research progresses is presented.
Abstract: Biological pretreatment (BP) is a promising approach for treating microalgae and lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) during biofuels production that uses mostly fungal and bacterial strains or their enzymes. Pretreatment with fungi requires long incubation time (weeks to months), whereas, bacterial and enzymatic pretreatments can be completed by only a few hours to days. Nevertheless, fungal pretreatment especially with white-rot fungi (WRF) is predominantly used in BP of biomass for its high efficiency and downstream yields. According to the recent reports, delignification of LCB by WRF may vary between 3% and 72% with a maximum 120% increase in the biofuel yield. Compared to the untreated microalgae biomass, the downstream yields of the respective biofuels were found to be increased by 22–159% after bacterial pretreatment, while enzymatic pretreatment improved as much as 485% of the final yield. Despite the results are promising, exploitation of BP on large scale is still bottlenecked by some technoeconomic hurdles, which need to be overcome through further fundamental and applied researches. This paper presents a comprehensive and in-depth review on BP for LCB and microalgae biomass by focusing on the relevant overviews and perspectives, technological approaches, mechanisms, influencing factors, and recent research progresses. Finally, challenges and future outlooks are discussed in the concluding sections.

278 citations