Recent advances in polyaniline based biosensors
TL;DR: Efforts have been made to discuss and explore various characteristics of PANI responsible for direct electron transfer leading towards fabrication of mediator-less biosensors.
About: This article is published in Biosensors and Bioelectronics.The article was published on 2011-02-15. It has received 454 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Polyaniline.
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TL;DR: The scalable synthesis and excellent electrode performance of the PAni hydrogel make it an attractive candidate for bioelectronics and future-generation energy storage electrodes.
Abstract: Conducting polymer hydrogels represent a unique class of materials that synergizes the advantageous features of hydrogels and organic conductors and have been used in many applications such as bioelectronics and energy storage devices. They are often synthesized by polymerizing conductive polymer monomer within a nonconducting hydrogel matrix, resulting in deterioration of their electrical properties. Here, we report a scalable and versatile synthesis of multifunctional polyaniline (PAni) hydrogel with excellent electronic conductivity and electrochemical properties. With high surface area and three-dimensional porous nanostructures, the PAni hydrogels demonstrated potential as high-performance supercapacitor electrodes with high specific capacitance (∼480 F·g-1), unprecedented rate capability, and cycling stability (∼83% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles). The PAni hydrogels can also function as the active component of glucose oxidase sensors with fast response time (∼0.3 s) and superior sensitivity (∼16.7 μA·mM-1). The scalable synthesis and excellent electrode performance of the PAni hydrogel make it an attractive candidate for bioelectronics and future-generation energy storage electrodes.
986 citations
Cites methods from "Recent advances in polyaniline base..."
...The working mechanism of the sensor is based on the redox properties of the glucose oxidase (GOx) where the enzymatic reaction of GOx and glucose is monitored via electrochemical measurement of the GOx-PAni hydrogel electrode (36)....
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TL;DR: The choice of the immobilization method is shown to represent an important parameter that affects biosensor performances, mainly in terms of sensitivity, selectivity and stability, by influencing enzyme orientation, loading, mobility, stability, structure and biological activity.
886 citations
Cites background from "Recent advances in polyaniline base..."
...Polyaniline's transport properties, electrical conductivity or rate of energy migration, provide an enhanced sensitivity (Dhand et al., 2010; Wei and Ivaska, 2006)....
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TL;DR: Electron microscopic studies demonstrated that the resultant composite has fibrillar morphology with a room-temperature electrical conductivity as high as 8.66 S/cm and capacitance of 250 F/g with good cycling stability.
Abstract: An alternative and effective route to prepare conducting polyaniline-grafted reduced graphene oxide (PANi-g-rGO) composite with highly enhanced properties is reported. In order to prepare PANi-g-rGO, amine-protected 4-aminophenol was initially grafted to graphite oxide (GO) via acyl chemistry where a concomitant partial reduction of GO occurred due to the refluxing and exposure of GO to thionyl chloride vapors and heating. Following the deprotection of amine groups, an in situ chemical oxidative grafting of aniline in the presence of an oxidizing agent was carried out to yield highly conducting PANi-g-rGO. Electron microscopic studies demonstrated that the resultant composite has fibrillar morphology with a room-temperature electrical conductivity as high as 8.66 S/cm and capacitance of 250 F/g with good cycling stability.
794 citations
Additional excerpts
...Furthermore, PANi, being an excellent organic conductor with good environmental stability and biocompatibility,(20) has often been used to fabricate composites with carbonaceous materials for supercapacitor electrodes(21) and sensors.(20,3) * Address correspondence to jbbaek@unist....
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TL;DR: A highly sensitive glucose enzyme sensor based on Pt nanoparticles-polyaniline (PAni) hydrogel heterostructures exhibited unprecedented sensitivity, as high as 96.1 μA·mM(-1)·cm(-2), with a response time as fast as 3 s, a linear range of 0.01 to 8 mM, and a low detection limit of0.7 μM.
Abstract: Glucose enzyme biosensors have been shown useful for a range of applications from medical diagnosis, bioprocess monitoring, to beverage industry and environmental monitoring. We present here a highly sensitive glucose enzyme sensor based on Pt nanoparticles (PtNPs)-polyaniline (PAni) hydrogel heterostructures. High-density PtNPs were homogeneously loaded onto the three-dimensional (3D) nanostructured matrix of the PAni hydrogel. The PtNP/PAni hydrogel heterostructure-based glucose sensor synergizes the advantages of both the conducting hydrogel and the nanoparticle catalyst. The porous structure of the PAni hydrogel favored the high density immobilization of the enzyme and the penetration of water-soluble molecules, which helped efficiently catalyze the oxidation of glucose. In addition, the PtNPs catalyzed the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide that was generated during the enzymatic reaction. The transferred charges from these electrochemical processes were efficiently collected by the highly conducting...
654 citations
TL;DR: Recent progress in synthesis, characterization, processing and application of polyaniline (PANI) with the focus on the period 2010-2012 is reviewed in this paper, where new insights in the mechanism of formation of molecular/supramolecular PANI structures are discussed.
627 citations
References
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TL;DR: Fluorene-Based Copolymers ContainingPhosphorescent Complexes and Carbazole-Based Conjugated Polymers R5.1.3.
Abstract: -phenylenevinylene)s L4. Fluorene-Based Conjugated Polymers L4.1. Fluorene-Based Copolymers ContainingElectron-Rich MoietiesM4.2. Fluorene-Based Copolymers ContainingElectron-Deficient MoietiesN4.3. Fluorene-Based Copolymers ContainingPhosphorescent ComplexesQ5. Carbazole-Based Conjugated Polymers R5.1. Poly(2,7-carbazole)-Based Polymers R5.2. Indolo[3,2-
3,686 citations
"Recent advances in polyaniline base..." refers background in this paper
...These make the CP suitable for applications to electrochromic devices (Beaujuge and Reynolds, 2010), energy storage devices (Cheng et al., 2009), actuators (Fuchiwaki et al., 2009), sensors (Hatchett and Josowicz, 2008), etc. Polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole, polythiophene, and polyacetylene are…...
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TL;DR: Improvement in the design and construction of electrode systems and their associated electronic instrumentation, together with the commercial development and availability of stable amplifiers and recorders, has now provided entirely satisfactory systems for the rapid and accurate measurement of blood pH, pCO2, and pOz.
Abstract: Instruments capable of continuously indicating the chemical composition of blood have proved to be useful in controlling heart-lung machines, in regulating operative and postoperative management of patients, and in teaching and research. At first, such instruments were used with sensors mounted directly in the extracorporeal blood circuit that is used for perfusion of open-heart surgery patients.] Later, continuous monitoring of both machine and patients was conducted by means of continuous withdrawal of blood pumped into external cuvettes equipped with appropriate sensors. Improvement in the design and construction of electrode systems and their associated electronic instrumentation, together with the commercial development and availability of stable amplifiers and recorders, has now provided entirely satisfactory systems for the rapid and accurate measurement of blood pH, pCO2, and pOz. Electrodes for measurement of blood p 0 2 and $ 0 2 can also be used for recording these tensions in gases. By mixing blood with certain reagents, these electrodes can be used to record blood gas contents as well as tensions. Intravascular electrodes are being used to time hydrogen appearance, to detect changes in oxygen tension, and to record ascorbate indicator dilution curves. Such electrodes are proving valuable in cardiac catheterization and in evaluation of the effectiveness of corrective endocardiac surgical procedures. Speed of response, ease of use, autoclavability, smallness of size, and the practicability of using multiple electrodes simultaneously is often sufficient advantage to overcome the present lack of quantitative response of these relatively simple electrodes. By withdrawing blood through microcatheters, continuous recording of blood composition for many hours, even days, is possible, using only about 10 cc. of blood per hr. Continued development of electrode systems may extend their usefulness to the measurement of blood ions, sugar, and urea and finally result in instruments with which analyses can be performed with a minimum of reagents and with but little delay. Electrode systems readily lend themseIves to either intermittent, semiautomatic, or continuous analytical processes. Blood oxygen tension. Electrodes available at present, mounted in thermostated cuvettes, have proved very satisfactory for the measurement of p 0 2 in blood samples. Thousands of analyses have been performed with the several units available here. We have evaluated several means of utilizing electrodes to follow blood pO2 under conditions encountered in cardiovascular operating rooms and have found that analysis of individual samples, withdrawn in plastic syringes, is the least troublesome and most
3,207 citations
TL;DR: The emeraldine base form of polyaniline, which consists of equal numbers of reduced and oxidized repeat units, is doped to the metallic conducting regime by aqueous 1 M HCl as mentioned in this paper.
1,813 citations
"Recent advances in polyaniline base..." refers background in this paper
...…chemical and electrical properties (Kang et al., 2004), its environmental (Pruneanu et al., 1999), thermal (Wang et al., 1995) and electrochemical stability (Chiang and MacDiarmid, 1986), and its interesting electrochemical, electronic, optical and electro-optical properties (Heeger, 2001)....
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1,521 citations
"Recent advances in polyaniline base..." refers background in this paper
...These make the CP suitable for applications to electrochromic devices (Beaujuge and Reynolds, 2010), energy storage devices (Cheng et al., 2009), actuators (Fuchiwaki et al., 2009), sensors (Hatchett and Josowicz, 2008), etc. Polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole, polythiophene, and polyacetylene are…...
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TL;DR: In the present review an attempt has been made to describe the salient features of conducting polymers and their wide applications in health care, food industries, environmental monitoring etc.
1,509 citations
"Recent advances in polyaniline base..." refers background in this paper
...…nzyme or antibody, etc. for the recognition of an analyte also called ioreceptor, (ii) an immobilization surface such as a conducting olymers (CP) (Gerard et al., 2002), nanomaterials (Luo et al., 2006), ol–gel films (Ansari et al., 2008), and self-assembled monolayers Arya et al., 2009), etc.,…...
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