Recent advances in the electrolytes for interfacial stability of high-voltage cathodes in lithium-ion batteries
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe several challenges for the cathode (spinel lithium manganese oxide (LMO), lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium nickel cobalt manganes oxide (NCM), spinel lithium ion ion oxide (SILO), and lithium-rich layered oxide (Li-rich cathode))-electrolyte interfaces and highlight the recent progress in the use of oxidative additives and highvoltage solvents in high-performance cells.
Abstract: Advanced electrolytes with unique functions such as in situ formation of a stable artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the anode and the cathode, and the improvement in oxidation stability of the electrolyte have recently gained recognition as a promising means for highly reliable lithium-ion batteries with high energy density. In this review, we describe several challenges for the cathode (spinel lithium manganese oxide (LMO), lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM), spinel lithium manganese nickel oxide (LNMO), and lithium-rich layered oxide (Li-rich cathode))-electrolyte interfaces and highlight the recent progress in the use of oxidative additives and high-voltage solvents in high-performance cells.
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TL;DR: In this article, two ionic liquids (ILs) functionalized with bis(oxalato)borate (BOB) and difluoro(oxidealato)-borate(DFOB) as the anion, have been synthesized and applied as additives for the battery grade electrolyte 1´M LiPF6 in an equivolume mixture of EC-DEC-DMC (LP71).
19 citations
TL;DR: Radiolysis enables a description of the reactivity in LIBs from the picosecond timescale until a few days, and results were obtained in the ageing of an electrochemical cell filled with the same model solution.
Abstract: The ageing phenomena occurring in various diethyl carbonate/LiPF6 solutions are studied using gamma and pulse radiolysis as a tool to generate similar species as the ones occurring in electrolysis of Li-ion batteries (LIBs). According to picosecond pulse radiolysis experiments, the reaction of the electron with (Li(+), PF6(-)) is ultrafast, leading to the formation of fluoride anions that can then precipitate into LiF(s). Moreover, direct radiation-matter interaction with the salt produces reactive fluorine atoms forming HF(g) and C2H5F(g). The strong Lewis acid PF5 is also formed. This species then forms various R(1)R(2)R(3) P=O molecules, where R is mainly -F, -OH, and -OC2H5. Substitution reactions take place and oligomers are slowly formed. Similar results were obtained in the ageing of an electrochemical cell filled with the same model solution. This study demonstrates that radiolysis enables a description of the reactivity in LIBs from the picosecond timescale until a few days.
19 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a core-shell-type spinel LiMn2O4/carbon composite was synthesized by a simple and cost-effective mechanofusion method (dry particle coating) with a highly uniform coating.
Abstract: A core–shell-type spinel LiMn2O4/carbon composite was synthesized by a simple and cost-effective mechanofusion method (dry particle coating) with a highly uniform coating. Electrochemical characterizations demonstrated that the surface-engineered core–shell-like material exhibited superior rate retention as well as cycling stability than pristine LMO due to improved intrinsic conductivity and easy electrolyte access. As a result, in the half-cell configuration, the core–shell carbon composite delivered reversible specific capacity of 103 mA h g−1 after 1000 cycles at 0.75C with 82% capacity retention; however, the pristine material showed specific capacity of 78 mA h g−1 and 76% capacity retention after 600 cycles. Similarly, in the full cell studies, the core–shell material exhibited 70% capacity retention, whereas the pristine material retained only 53% after 1000 cycles at 0.1 A g−1. The spinel LiMn2O4@carbon core–shell material obtained by the mechanofusion method may be a practical cathode material in high-performance lithium-ion batteries toward high energy applications.
18 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a simple EC-free electrolyte (20F1.5M−1TDI) was presented by adding 20 wt% fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and 1 wt % lithium 4,5−dicyano−2•(trifluoromethyl)imidazole (LiTDI).
Abstract: Ethylene carbonate (EC) is an important component in state‐of‐the‐art electrolytes for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, EC is highly susceptible to oxidation on the surface of high‐nickel layered oxide cathodes, making it undesirable for next‐generation high‐energy‐density LIBs. In this study, a simple, yet effective, EC‐free electrolyte (20F1.5M‐1TDI) is presented by adding 20 wt% fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and 1 wt% lithium 4,5‐dicyano‐2‐(trifluoromethyl)imidazole (LiTDI) into 1.5 m LiPF6 in an ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) electrolyte. The 20F1.5M‐1TDI electrolyte is found to efficiently passivate the graphite anode and stabilize high‐nickel cathodes by a synergistic decomposition of FEC and LiTDI. The LiNi0.9Mn0.05Al0.05O2 (NMA90)/graphite full cell with the 20F1.5M‐1TDI electrolyte, therefore, exhibits an enhanced cycling stability and a suppressed voltage hysteresis growth compared to that with an EC‐containing baseline electrolyte (1 m LiPF6 in EC:EMC, 3:7 in weight, with 2 wt% vinyl carbonate). Advanced analytical tools, such as time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, are employed to understand the underlying working mechanism of the EC‐free electrolyte. The present study clearly showcases the great potential of EC‐free electrolytes as a straightforward, practical approach for LIBs with high‐nickel cathodes.
18 citations
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TL;DR: A brief historical review of the development of lithium-based rechargeable batteries is presented, ongoing research strategies are highlighted, and the challenges that remain regarding the synthesis, characterization, electrochemical performance and safety of these systems are discussed.
Abstract: Technological improvements in rechargeable solid-state batteries are being driven by an ever-increasing demand for portable electronic devices. Lithium-ion batteries are the systems of choice, offering high energy density, flexible and lightweight design, and longer lifespan than comparable battery technologies. We present a brief historical review of the development of lithium-based rechargeable batteries, highlight ongoing research strategies, and discuss the challenges that remain regarding the synthesis, characterization, electrochemical performance and safety of these systems.
17,496 citations
TL;DR: The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
Abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.
11,144 citations
TL;DR: The energy that can be stored in Li-air and Li-S cells is compared with Li-ion; the operation of the cells is discussed, as are the significant hurdles that will have to be overcome if such batteries are to succeed.
Abstract: Li-ion batteries have transformed portable electronics and will play a key role in the electrification of transport. However, the highest energy storage possible for Li-ion batteries is insufficient for the long-term needs of society, for example, extended-range electric vehicles. To go beyond the horizon of Li-ion batteries is a formidable challenge; there are few options. Here we consider two: Li-air (O(2)) and Li-S. The energy that can be stored in Li-air (based on aqueous or non-aqueous electrolytes) and Li-S cells is compared with Li-ion; the operation of the cells is discussed, as are the significant hurdles that will have to be overcome if such batteries are to succeed. Fundamental scientific advances in understanding the reactions occurring in the cells as well as new materials are key to overcoming these obstacles. The potential benefits of Li-air and Li-S justify the continued research effort that will be needed.
7,895 citations
TL;DR: The phytochemical properties of Lithium Hexafluoroarsenate and its Derivatives are as follows: 2.2.1.
Abstract: 2.1. Solvents 4307 2.1.1. Propylene Carbonate (PC) 4308 2.1.2. Ethers 4308 2.1.3. Ethylene Carbonate (EC) 4309 2.1.4. Linear Dialkyl Carbonates 4310 2.2. Lithium Salts 4310 2.2.1. Lithium Perchlorate (LiClO4) 4311 2.2.2. Lithium Hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF6) 4312 2.2.3. Lithium Tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) 4312 2.2.4. Lithium Trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiTf) 4312 2.2.5. Lithium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiIm) and Its Derivatives 4313
5,710 citations
TL;DR: The Review will consider some of the current scientific issues underpinning lithium batteries and electric double-layer capacitors.
Abstract: Energy-storage technologies, including electrical double-layer capacitors and rechargeable batteries, have attracted significant attention for applications in portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, bulk electricity storage at power stations, and “load leveling” of renewable sources, such as solar energy and wind power. Transforming lithium batteries and electric double-layer capacitors requires a step change in the science underpinning these devices, including the discovery of new materials, new electrochemistry, and an increased understanding of the processes on which the devices depend. The Review will consider some of the current scientific issues underpinning lithium batteries and electric double-layer capacitors.
2,412 citations