Reconciliation, reconstruction and identity politics in South Africa: A 1994 survey of elite attitudes after apartheid
TL;DR: The authors found that the policy preferences of elites in the immediate post-apartheid South Africa are more strongly associated with political party identification than with race, language or the perceived importance of culture, history or values.
Abstract: The transition to South Africa's first democratic constitution was achieved despite the obstacles imposed by a history of conflict between communities with sharply differing identities based on race and/or language. The authoritative explanations thus far, based on qualitative analyses, is that the transition was driven by elites who were able to transcend these historical cleavages. We report on a quantitative data set based on a survey of elite attitudes done just after the founding election of 1994 which confirms this proposition. The findings are that the policy preferences of elites in the immediate post‐apartheid South Africa are more strongly associated with political party identification than with race, language or the perceived importance of culture, history or values.
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10 Jan 2005
TL;DR: In this paper, the psychological basis of intergroup relations and intergroup behavior is discussed, as well as the formation of the psychological intergroup repertoire in intractable conflicts, and the change in the shared psychological inter-group repertoire of people involved in a conflict: general observations.
Abstract: Preface Introduction General overview 1. The psychological basis of intergroup relations 1.1 Intergroup behaviour 1.2 Psychological intergroup repertoire 1.3 Formation of the psychological intergroup repertoire 1.4 Conclusions 2. Psychological intergroup repertoire in intractable conflicts 2.1 Intractable conflicts 2.2 Societal beliefs in intractable conflicts 2.3 Negative psychological intergroup repertoire 2.4 Conclusions 3. The context: The Arab-Israeli intractable conflict 3.1 Socio-cultural context 3.2 The intractable nature of the Arab-Israeli conflict 3.3 The Jewish narrative of the Arab-Israeli conflict 3.4 Israeli Jewish ethos of conflict 3.5 Conclusions 4. Representation of Arabs in public discourse 4.1 The impact of mass media 4.2 Public discourse before the establishment of the State 4.3 Public discourse by leaders 4.4 Public discourse through the media in the State of Israel 4.5 Research on the presentation of Palestinians in the Israeli mass media 4.6 Research on the presentation of Arab citizens of the State of Israel in the media 4.7 Conclusions 5. Representation of Arabs in school textbooks 5.1 Presentation of Arabs in school textbooks of the pre-state period 5.2 Presentation of Arabs in school textbooks from 1948 up to the early 1970s 5.3 Presentation of Arabs in school textbooks between the mid 1970s and 1990s 5.4 Conclusions 6. Representation of Arabs in cultural products 6.1 Adult Hebrew literature 6.2 Children's literature 6.3 Hebrew drama 6.4 Israeli films 6.5 Conclusions 7. Representation of Arabs by Israeli Jews: review of empirical research 7.1 Psychological repertoire towards Arabs 7.2 Views about Arab-Israeli relations 7.3 Views about Arabs 7.4 Citizens of Israel 7.5 Conclusions 8. The development of shared psychological intergroup repertoire in a conflict: theory and methods 8.1 The cognitive foundations of social representations 8.2 Personality development, personality states, and social representations 8.3 The context of social representations 8.4 An integrative developmental-contextual approach for the acquisition and development of stereotypes and prejudice 8.5 Assessment of children's social representations - general considerations 8.6 Conclusions 9. Studies with preschoolers 9.1 Objectives and overview 9.2 Words, concepts, identities, stereotypes, and attitudes 9.3 Images, stereotypes, and attitudes in different social environments 9.4 General discussion 9.5 Conclusions 10. Studies with school children, adolescents, and young adults 10.1 Objectives and overview 10.2 Image acquisition 10.3 Influences of specific environments 10.4 Differentiation and generalisation 10.5 Sense of knowledge, perceived similarity, and perceived quality of relations as predictors of stereotypes and attitudes 10.6 General discussion 10.7 Conclusions 11. The reflection of social images in human figure drawing 11.1 The development and meaning of drawings 11.2 Obtaining and scoring the drawings 11.3 Scoring the beliefs and intentions questionnaire 11.4 Research overview and objectives 11.5 General discussion 11.6 Conclusions 12. General conclusions and implications 12.1 Conclusions 12.2 Changing the shared psychological intergroup repertoire of people involved in intractable conflict: general observations 12.3 Changing the psychological intergroup repertoire in the context of intractable conflict: thoughts about intervention 12.4 Final words 12.5 References.
420 citations
01 Jan 2005
64 citations
TL;DR: The history of South Africa shows that different approaches have been employed to develop South African national identities as mentioned in this paper, however, these approaches could not produce a single national identity, and when the Government of National Unity (GNU) came to power after the first democratic national elections in April 1994, a new chapter was opened for the country to search for a new South Africanism.
Abstract: The history of South Africa shows that different approaches have been employed to develop South African national identities. These approaches, however, could not produce a single national identity. When the Government of National Unity (GNU) came to power after the first democratic national elections in April 1994, a new chapter was opened for the country to search for a new South Africanism. This paper attempts to give an overview of the nationalisms which dominated the politics of the Union and the Republic of South Africa. The overview is intended to provide the reader with the background for understanding the efforts by the GNU to build a new post-apartheid national identity. The central focus of the paper is the changing bases on which a South African nationhood was/is built.
22 citations
TL;DR: The legacy of the bantustan program has not been fully understood as mentioned in this paper, and that gap could become even deeper in the post-apartheid era, where bantus no longer exists as political entities.
Abstract: Observers have variously captured the foundation and implementation of the notorious apartheid system. The legacy of that system in a democratic South Africa continues to receive scholarly attention. However, the enormous imprint of the bantustan programme has not been fully understood. That gap could become even deeper in the post-apartheid era, where bantustans no longer exists as political entities. The collapse of the bantustans and their subsequent reincorporation into the new polity did not, and should not, close a chapter on the effects of ‘bantustanization.’ Bantustans no longer exists as political entities, but has left imprints that cannot be wished away. That legacy and the intellectual response to it inform the analysis presented in this paper.
19 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors deal with certain aspects of Afrikaner nationalism which have continued into the post- apartheid era, and show the link between conservative Afrikaller nationalism, electioneering and the pursuit for a volkstaat (white homeland).
Abstract: The liberation of South Africa from the shackles of apartheid signifies the end of the last out-post of white domination in South Africa, and opened a new chapter on the search for a common South Africanism. The process of nation-building is haunted by relics of nationalist trends, one of which is Afrikaner nationalism. This article deals with certain aspects of Afrikaner nationalism which have continued into the post- apartheid era. It uses the division among Afrikaner nationalists to show the link between conservative Afrikaner nationalism, electioneering and the pursuit for a volkstaat (white homeland).
17 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: The third wave of democratization in the late 1970s and early 1990s as mentioned in this paper is the most important political trend in the last half of the 20th century, according to the authors.
Abstract: Between 1974 and 1990 more than thirty countries in southern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe shifted from authoritarian to democratic systems of government. This global democratic revolution is probably the most important political trend in the late twentieth century. In The Third Wave, Samuel P. Huntington analyzes the causes and nature of these democratic transitions, evaluates the prospects for stability of the new democracies, and explores the possibility of more countries becoming democratic. The recent transitions, he argues, are the third major wave of democratization in the modem world. Each of the two previous waves was followed by a reverse wave in which some countries shifted back to authoritarian government. Using concrete examples, empirical evidence, and insightful analysis, Huntington provides neither a theory nor a history of the third wave, but an explanation of why and how it occurred.Factors responsible for the democratic trend include the legitimacy dilemmas of authoritarian regimes; economic and social development; the changed role of the Catholic Church; the impact of the United States, the European Community, and the Soviet Union; and the ""snowballing"" phenomenon: change in one country stimulating change in others. Five key elite groups within and outside the nondemocratic regime played roles in shaping the various ways democratization occurred. Compromise was key to all democratizations, and elections and nonviolent tactics also were central. New democracies must deal with the ""torturer problem"" and the ""praetorian problem"" and attempt to develop democratic values and processes. Disillusionment with democracy, Huntington argues, is necessary to consolidating democracy. He concludes the book with an analysis of the political, economic, and cultural factors that will decide whether or not the third wave continues. Several ""Guidelines for Democratizers"" offer specific, practical suggestions for initiating and carrying out reform. Huntington's emphasis on practical application makes this book a valuable tool for anyone engaged in the democratization process. At this volatile time in history, Huntington's assessment of the processes of democratization is indispensable to understanding the future of democracy in the world.
6,968 citations
4,603 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a comprehensive treatment of the scientific approach to research within the context of the social sciences, emphasizing the relationship between theory, research, and practice, leading students through seven major, interrelated stages of research methods: definition of the research problem, statement of hypothesis, research design, measurement, data collection, data analysis, and generalization.
Abstract: This acclaimed text offers a comprehensive, systematic treatment of the scientific approach to research within the context of the social sciences. Emphasizing the relationship between theory, research, and practice, the book leads students through seven major, interrelated stages of research methods: definition of the research problem, statement of hypothesis, research design, measurement, data collection, data analysis, and generalization. Research activities are integrated throughout to get students actively involved in the real work of social science research. With its self-contained yet integrated chapters, the text adapts well to either a basic methods course, or a course that covers methods and statistics sequentially. The new edition has been thoroughly updated and revised, and is designed to help students take full advantage of the Internet and other electronic data sources plus the most current statistical software.
4,570 citations
Book•
01 Jul 1992
TL;DR: The second edition of Dr Bram Oppenheim's established work, like the first, is a practical teaching text of survey methods as mentioned in this paper, which includes interviewing (both clip-board and depth interviewing), sampling and research design, data analysis, and a special chapter on pilot work.
Abstract: This second edition of Dr Bram Oppenheim's established work, like the first, is a practical teaching text of survey methods. The new edition has extended its scope to include interviewing (both clip-board and depth interviewing), sampling and research design, data analysis, and a special chapter on pilot work. As before, the chapters on questionnaire design are supported by further chapters on attitude scaling methods, and on projective techniques.
There is refreshingly critical treatment of problems such as faulty research designs, errors in sampling, ambiguities in question wording, biases in interviewing, losses of information, and the interpretation of attitude scales and of projective data. The book is laced throughout with instructive examples from many fields, ranging from marketing surveys to the study of children's political perceptions. Problems of reliability and validity are kept to the fore. Above all, the need for pilot work is emphasized at every stage. The book is intended for graduate methodology courses in the social sciences, but it is also designed to reach other professionals, including teachers, social workers, medical researchers, and opinion pollsters, who have to evaluate or carry out social surveys.
4,295 citations
Book•
01 Apr 1978
TL;DR: An introduction for undergraduates to every stage of sociological research, showing how to deal effectively with typical problems they might encounter, is given in this paper, along with examples from the LA riots and the 1992 presidential elections.
Abstract: An introduction for undergraduates to every stage of sociological research, showing how to deal effectively with typical problems they might encounter. The book is fully updated to include examples from the LA riots and the 1992 presidential elections.
2,398 citations