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Journal ArticleDOI

Reconstructing Primary and Secondary Components of PM2.5 Composition for an Urban Atmosphere

13 Sep 2010-Aerosol Science and Technology (Taylor & Francis Group)-Vol. 44, Iss: 11, pp 983-992
TL;DR: In this paper, a total 360 PM25 samples were collected from six sampling sites for summer and winter seasons in Kanpur city, India and the collected PM25 mass was subjected to chemical speciation for: (1) ionic species (NH+ 4, SO2-4, NO 3, and Cl 3), (2) carbon contents (EC and OC), and (3) elemental contents (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Al, Si, Fe, Ti, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cd, Pb,
Abstract: Total 360 samples (of 8 h each) of PM25 were collected from six sampling sites for summer and winter seasons in Kanpur city, India The collected PM25 mass was subjected to chemical speciation for: (1) ionic species (NH+ 4, SO2– 4, NO– 3, and Cl–), (2) carbon contents (EC and OC), and (3) elemental contents (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Al, Si, Fe, Ti, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, As, and Se) Primary and secondary components of PM25 were assessed from speciation results The influence of marine source to PM25 was negligible, whereas the contribution of crustal dust was significant (10% in summer and 7% in winter) A mass reconstruction approach for PM25 could distinctly establish primary and secondary components of measured PM25 as: (1) Primary component (27% in summer and 24% in winter): crustal, elemental carbon, and organic mass, (2) Secondary component (45% in summer and 50% in winter): inorganic and organic mass, and (3) others: unidentified mass (27% in summer and 26% in winter) The secondary inorganic
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an enhanced biogenic secondary organic aerosol (eBSOA) was proposed to quantify the influence of anthropogenic emissions on the aerosol burden, both globally and regionally, and both in terms of mass and number.
Abstract: . Because of the climate and air quality effects of organic aerosol, it is important to quantify the influence of anthropogenic emissions on the aerosol burden, both globally and regionally, and both in terms of mass and number. Methods exist with which the fractions of organic aerosol resulting directly from anthropogenic and biogenic processes can be estimated. However, anthropogenic emissions can also lead to an enhancement in secondary organic aerosol formation from naturally emitted precursors. We term this enhanced biogenic secondary organic aerosol (eBSOA). Here, we review the mechanisms through which such an effect may occur in the atmosphere and describe a work flow via which it may be quantified, using existing measurement techniques. An examination of published data reveals support for the existence of the enhancement effect.

286 citations


Cites background from "Reconstructing Primary and Secondar..."

  • ...Generally seen, soot is primarily composed of carbon in its elemental form (Seinfeld and Pandis, 1998), POA is composed of elemental carbon, linear, cyclic and branched hydrocarbons with oxygenated carbons and large carbon numbers (C18-C40) (Sakurai et al., 2003; Behera and Sharma, 2010), and SOA is composed of highly functionalized molecules with relatively short carbon chains (typical molecular weights<500 Da, assuming a typical C...

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  • ...Generally seen, soot is primarily composed of carbon in its elemental form (Seinfeld and Pandis, 1998), POA is composed of elemental carbon, linear, cyclic and branched hydrocarbons with oxygenated carbons and large carbon numbers (C18-C40) (Sakurai et al., 2003; Behera and Sharma, 2010), and SOA is composed of highly functionalized molecules with relatively short carbon chains (typical molecular weights<500 Da, assuming a typical C:O ratio ∼0....

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  • ...…of elemental carbon, linear, cyclic and branched hydrocarbons with oxygenated carbons and large carbon numbers (C18-C40) (Sakurai et al., 2003; Behera and Sharma, 2010), and SOA is composed of highly functionalized molecules with relatively short carbon chains (typical molecular weights<500…...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This bottom-up modeling study, supported by new population census 2011 data, simulates ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure on local to regional scales and quantifies, present-day premature mortalities associated with the exposure to near-surface PM2.3 and O3 concentrations in India using a regional chemistry model.
Abstract: This bottom-up modeling study, supported by new population census 2011 data, simulates ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure on local to regional scales. It quantifies, present-day premature mortalities associated with the exposure to near-surface PM2.5 and O3 concentrations in India using a regional chemistry model. We estimate that PM2.5 exposure leads to about 570,000 (CI95: 320,000–730,000) premature mortalities in 2011. On a national scale, our estimate of mortality by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) due to O3 exposure is about 12,000 people. The Indo-Gangetic region accounts for a large part (~42%) of the estimated mortalities. The associated lost life expectancy is calculated as 3.4 ± 1.1 years for all of India with highest values found for Delhi (6.3 ± 2.2 years). The economic cost of estimated premature mortalities associated with PM2.5 and O3 exposure is about 640 (350–800) billion USD in 2011, which is a factor of 10 higher than total expenditure on health by public and private expenditure.

207 citations


Cites background from "Reconstructing Primary and Secondar..."

  • ...5 is estimated to be 10% and 15% in India [Behera and Sharma, 2010], which adds uncertainty of about 3% and 5%, respectively, in the estimated premature mortalities due to PM2....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Enhanced oxidation of SO(2) to sulfate during foggy days was observed, possibly causing the regional aerosol to become more acidic, and lower EC concentrations were observed on foggy Days, suggesting fog scavenging and removal of EC was active as well.
Abstract: Carbonaceous species, meteorological parameters, trace gases, and fogwater chemistry were measured during winter in the Indian city of Kanpur to study secondary organic aerosol (SOA) during foggy a...

151 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The surface particulate mAtter network (SPARTAN) is a long-term project that includes characterization of chemical and physical attributes of aerosols from filter samples collected worldwide.
Abstract: . The Surface PARTiculate mAtter Network (SPARTAN) is a long-term project that includes characterization of chemical and physical attributes of aerosols from filter samples collected worldwide. This paper discusses the ongoing efforts of SPARTAN to define and quantify major ions and trace metals found in fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Our methods infer the spatial and temporal variability of PM2.5 in a cost-effective manner. Gravimetrically weighed filters represent multi-day averages of PM2.5, with a collocated nephelometer sampling air continuously. SPARTAN instruments are paired with AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) sun photometers to better understand the relationship between ground-level PM2.5 and columnar aerosol optical depth (AOD). We have examined the chemical composition of PM2.5 at 12 globally dispersed, densely populated urban locations and a site at Mammoth Cave (US) National Park used as a background comparison. So far, each SPARTAN location has been active between the years 2013 and 2016 over periods of 2–26 months, with an average period of 12 months per site. These sites have collectively gathered over 10 years of quality aerosol data. The major PM2.5 constituents across all sites (relative contribution ± SD) are ammoniated sulfate (20 % ± 11 %), crustal material (13.4 % ± 9.9 %), equivalent black carbon (11.9 % ± 8.4 %), ammonium nitrate (4.7 % ± 3.0 %), sea salt (2.3 % ± 1.6 %), trace element oxides (1.0 % ± 1.1 %), water (7.2 % ± 3.3 %) at 35 % RH, and residual matter (40 % ± 24 %). Analysis of filter samples reveals that several PM2.5 chemical components varied by more than an order of magnitude between sites. Ammoniated sulfate ranges from 1.1 µg m−3 (Buenos Aires, Argentina) to 17 µg m−3 (Kanpur, India in the dry season). Ammonium nitrate ranged from 0.2 µg m−3 (Mammoth Cave, in summer) to 6.8 µg m−3 (Kanpur, dry season). Equivalent black carbon ranged from 0.7 µg m−3 (Mammoth Cave) to over 8 µg m−3 (Dhaka, Bangladesh and Kanpur, India). Comparison of SPARTAN vs. coincident measurements from the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network at Mammoth Cave yielded a high degree of consistency for daily PM2.5 (r2 = 0.76, slope = 1.12), daily sulfate (r2 = 0.86, slope = 1.03), and mean fractions of all major PM2.5 components (within 6 %). Major ions generally agree well with previous studies at the same urban locations (e.g. sulfate fractions agree within 4 % for 8 out of 11 collocation comparisons). Enhanced anthropogenic dust fractions in large urban areas (e.g. Singapore, Kanpur, Hanoi, and Dhaka) are apparent from high Zn : Al ratios. The expected water contribution to aerosols is calculated via the hygroscopicity parameter κv for each filter. Mean aggregate values ranged from 0.15 (Ilorin) to 0.28 (Rehovot). The all-site parameter mean is 0.20 ± 0.04. Chemical composition and water retention in each filter measurement allows inference of hourly PM2.5 at 35 % relative humidity by merging with nephelometer measurements. These hourly PM2.5 estimates compare favourably with a beta attenuation monitor (MetOne) at the nearby US embassy in Beijing, with a coefficient of variation r2 = 0.67 (n = 3167), compared to r2 = 0.62 when κv was not considered. SPARTAN continues to provide an open-access database of PM2.5 compositional filter information and hourly mass collected from a global federation of instruments.

129 citations


Cites background or result from "Reconstructing Primary and Secondar..."

  • ...%) compares well to 13 % of Ram et al. (2012) and 18 % for Behera and Sharma (2010), and ANO3 (7.4...

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  • ...%) is lower than Behera and Sharma (2010) (10 %)....

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  • ...Notably, the combined OM plus unknown fractions from these previous two studies account for almost two-thirds of aerosol mass, 58 % for Behera and Sharma (2010) and 63 % for Ram et al. (2012), similar to our 59 % RM estimate....

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  • ...During the Kanpur collocation, relative fractions among the major species CM, sea salt, ASO4, and ANO3 all matched well with previous studies (Behera and Sharma, 2010; Chakraborty et al., 2015; Ram et al., 2012) that also sampled during winter dry seasons....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A critical synthesis of literature suggests a lack of exposure and monitoring studies to inform personal exposure in the household and rural areas of Asian environments, and the synthesis of regulatory guidelines and future perspectives for PM2.5 in Asian countries is concluded.
Abstract: Natural and human activities generate a significant amount of PM2.5 (particles ≤2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter) into the surrounding atmospheric environments. Because of their small size, they can remain suspended for a relatively longer time in the air than coarse particles and thus can travel long distances in the atmosphere. PM2.5 is one of the key indicators of pollution and known to cause numerous types of respiratory and lung-related diseases. Due to poor implementation of regulations and a time lag in introducing the vehicle technology, levels of PM2.5 in most Asian cities are much worse than those in European environments. Dedicated reviews on understanding the characteristics of PM2.5 in Asian urban environments are currently missing but much needed. In order to fill the existing gaps in the literature, the aim of this review article is to describe dominating sources and their classification, followed by current status and health impact of PM2.5, in Asian countries. Further objectives include a critical synthesis of the topics such as secondary and tertiary aerosol formation, chemical composition, monitoring and modelling methods, source apportionment, emissions and exposure impacts. The review concludes with the synthesis of regulatory guidelines and future perspectives for PM2.5 in Asian countries. A critical synthesis of literature suggests a lack of exposure and monitoring studies to inform personal exposure in the household and rural areas of Asian environments.

101 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors revisited common assumptions for estimating PM2.5 mass concentration and found that these assumptions can be used to estimate organic mass in a wide range of scenarios, such as PM1.5.
Abstract: (2001). Species Contributions to PM2.5 Mass Concentrations: Revisiting Common Assumptions for Estimating Organic Mass. Aerosol Science and Technology: Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 602-610.

1,842 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the 1987 Southern California Air Quality Study (SCAQS) data to gain an understanding of the dynamics of organic aerosol formation and to quantify secondary organic emissions.

1,015 citations


"Reconstructing Primary and Secondar..." refers background in this paper

  • ...5, OC, and EC suitable for our primary source activities were taken from literatures (Turpin and Huntzicker 1995; Hildemann et al. 1991; Cabada et al. 2002)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a dilution source sampling system was used to collect primary organic aerosol emissions from important sources, including a boiler burning No 2 fuel, a home fireplace, a fleet of catalyst-equipped and non-catalyst automobiles, heavy-duty diesel trucks, natural gas home appliances, and meat cooking operations.
Abstract: A dilution source sampling system was used to collect primary fine aerosol emissions from important sources of urban organic aerosol, including a boiler burning No 2 fuel oil, a home fireplace, a fleet of catalyst-equipped and noncatalyst automobiles, heavy-duty diesel trucks, natural gas home appliances, and meat cooking operations Alternative dilution sampling techniques were used to collect emissions from cigarette smoking and a roofing tar pot, and grab sample techniques were employed to characterize paved road dust, brake lining wear, tire wear, and vegetative detritus Organic aerosol constituted the majority of the fine aerosol mass emitted from many of the sources tested Fine primary organic aerosol emissions within the heavily urbanized western portion of the Los Angeles Basin were determined to total 298 metric tons/day Over 40% of these organic aerosol emissions are from anthropogenic pollution sources that are expected to emit contemporary (nonfossil) aerosol carbon, in good agreement with the available ambient monitoring data

670 citations


"Reconstructing Primary and Secondar..." refers background in this paper

  • ...5, OC, and EC suitable for our primary source activities were taken from literatures (Turpin and Huntzicker 1995; Hildemann et al. 1991; Cabada et al. 2002)....

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  • ...5 sources are secondary nitrate, sulfate, and organic compounds (formed in the atmosphere), combustion processes including biomass burning, and soil and road dust (Hildemann et al. 1991; Kim Oanh et al. 2010; Heo et al. 2009)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the mass concentrations of the two fractions showed significant daily variations linked to different thermodynamic conditions of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and characterised by higher values during wintertime.

508 citations


"Reconstructing Primary and Secondar..." refers background in this paper

  • ...5 is estimated from concentrations of oxides of Al, Si, Ca, Fe, K, and Ti (Eldred et al. 1987; Marcazzan et al. 2001):...

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  • ...5 is estimated from concentrations of oxides of Al, Si, Ca, Fe, K, and Ti (Eldred et al. 1987; Marcazzan et al. 2001): Crustal matter = 1.15 × (1.89Al + 2.14Si + 1.4Ca + 1.36 Fe + 1.2K + 1.67Ti) [3] Where Fe and K indicate the part of iron and potassium concentration considered of natural origin....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Aerosol optical properties and spectral behavior of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) over Kanpur, an urban industrial city in the Ganga basin, have been presented for the first time in this paper.
Abstract: [1] Aerosol optical properties and the spectral behavior of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) over Kanpur, an urban-industrial city in the Ganga basin, have been presented for the first time. Measurements by the ground-based Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) during January 2001 to December 2003 show pronounced seasonal influence, with maximum dust loading during the premonsoon season (April–May). The distribution of AOD is found to be large with a mean value of 0.6 at 500 nm wavelength. The frequency distribution of the Angstrom parameter α reveals two modes (α 1 urban aerosols). Diurnal variations of AOD, water vapor content (WVC), and Angstrom parameter show strong seasonal influence. Maximum variation of AOD is found during the monsoon season (presence of mixed types of aerosols), maximum variation of WVC is observed during the winter season (frequent changes in humidity and air pressure), and α shows maximum variations during the premonsoon (dust dominating the atmospheric optical conditions) season. The aerosol volume size distributions show two distinct modes, fine (geometric mean radii of 0.17 μm and standard deviation of 0.03) and coarse (geometric mean radii of 3.37 μm and standard deviation of 0.1), but during May–August (period of dust loading), a third mode (around 1–2 μm) appears because of hygroscopic growth of finer aerosols. The single-scattering albedo (SSA) is found to increase with wavelength in the presence of dust and shows a reverse trend in dust-free conditions. Refractive indices show the presence of dust as the main component during the premonsoon season and dominance of anthropogenic urban-industrial aerosols during the winter season, when the optical state of the atmosphere is more absorbing. The aerosol parameters show distinct interannual variations, with increasing aerosol burden over the region. Aerosol loading over Kanpur is found to be controlled by the regional climatology.

431 citations


"Reconstructing Primary and Secondar..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The study area, Kanpur city represents a typical urban agglomeration in highly polluted Ganga basin (Singh et al. 2004; Figure 1)....

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