Recovery of citric acid - a review
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the new developments of recovery of citric acid from the fermentation broth is presented, focusing on the new development of extraction and extraction of the acid from fermentation broth.
Abstract: The requirement of citric acid is increasing every year. Therefore, it is important to have an efficient recovery method following the production of citric acid. At present, most of the manufacturers use the classical method of citric acid recovery which is a precipitation technique using calcium salt followed by filtration and subsequently treated with sulphuric acid. This review focuses on the new developments of recovery of citric acid from the fermentation broth.
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TL;DR: In-situ removal of carboxylic acid by extraction during fermentation is the most popular approach, but recovery of the extractant can easily lead to waste inorganic salt formation, which counteracts the advantage of the in-Situ removal.
379 citations
TL;DR: This article reviews some of the key reaction pathways available using fermentation‐derived organic acids as feedstocks and presents recent results from the authors' lab on succinate hydrogenation to 1,4‐butanediol and tetrahydrofuran.
Abstract: The production of organic acids in low-cost, high-efficiency fermentation processes makes available a new route to chemical production from biomass Because of their multiple functional groups and high reactivity, organic acids can undergo a variety of reactions that are effectively catalyzed by inorganic heterogeneous or homogeneous catalysts Lactic acid and succinic acid, in particular, are approaching large-scale production via fermentation and show excellent promise as feedstocks for catalytic conversion routes such as hydrogenation, dehydration, or condensation A number of catalytic conversion pathways of organic acids are potentially competitive with petroleum-based routes in the current economic environment, particularly when integrated into existing biomass/crop processing schemes This article reviews some of the key reaction pathways available using fermentation-derived organic acids as feedstocks and presents recent results from the authors' lab on succinate hydrogenation to 1,4-butanediol and tetrahydrofuran By a judicious choice of support properties and reaction conditions, it is possible to achieve yields of either of these two products in excess of 80%
206 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss different aspects of fermentation and effects of various environmental parameters and deal with the potential ways to increase the yield of citric acid to meet the ever-increasing demands of this commercially important organic acid.
Abstract: Citric acid consumption is escalating gradually, witnessing high annual growth rate due to more and more advanced applications coming to light. The present review discusses different aspects of fermentation and effects of various environmental parameters and deals with the potential ways to increase the yield of citric acid to meet the ever-increasing demands of this commercially important organic acid. Different techniques for the hyperproduction of citric acid are continuously being studied from the past few decades and still there is a gap, and hence, there is an obvious need to consider new pragmatic ways to achieve industrially feasible and environmentally sustainable bio-production of citric acid. The utilization of inexpensive agro-industrial wastes and their by-products through solid-state fermentation by existing and genetically engineered strains is a potential route. This review also deals with downstream processing considering the classical and advanced approaches, which also need significant improvement. In situ product recovery method which leads to improved yields and productivity can be further optimized for large-scale production and recovery of citric acid.
201 citations
TL;DR: Various methods such as precipitation, sorption and ion exchange, electrodialysis, and liquid–liquid extraction have been investigated for the recovery of succinic acid from fermentation broth and are reviewed critically here.
Abstract: Succinic acid is of high interest as bio-feedstock for the chemical industry. It is a precursor for a variety of many other chemicals, e.g. 1,4-butandiol, tetrahydrofuran, biodegradable polymers and fumaric acid. Besides optimized production strains and fermentation processes it is indispensable to develop cost-saving and energy-effective downstream processes to compete with the current petrochemical production process. Various methods such as precipitation, sorption and ion exchange, electrodialysis, and liquid–liquid extraction have been investigated for the recovery of succinic acid from fermentation broth and are reviewed critically here.
190 citations
Cites background from "Recovery of citric acid - a review"
...Therefore they are suitable for the extraction of organic acids such as succinic acid (Pazouki and Panda 1998)....
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TL;DR: This article reviews the biochemistry ofcitric acid formation, choices of citric-acid producing microorganisms and raw materials, fermentation strategies, the effects of various fermentation conditions, citric acid recovery options and the numerous applications of citic acid, based on information drawn from the literature over the past 10 years.
Abstract: Citric acid has high economic potential owing to its numerous applications. It is mostly produced by microbial fermentation using Aspergillus niger. In view of surges in demand and growing markets, there is always a need for the discovery and development of better production techniques and solutions to improve production yields and the efficiency of product recovery. To support the enormous scale of production, it is necessary and important for the production process to be environmentally friendly by utilizing readily available and inexpensive agro-industrial waste products, while maintaining high production yields. This article reviews the biochemistry of citric acid formation, choices of citric-acid producing microorganisms and raw materials, fermentation strategies, the effects of various fermentation conditions, citric acid recovery options and the numerous applications of citric acid, based on information drawn from the literature over the past 10 years.
176 citations
Cites background from "Recovery of citric acid - a review"
...The aim is to provide a thorough and comprehensive review, compared to other reviews that focus on specific areas (Pazouki & Panda 1998; Anastassiadis et al. 2008; Dhillon et al. 2011a)....
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References
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TL;DR: High distribution ratios are measured when long-chain tertiary amines are employed as extractants, forming bulky salts preferentially soluble in the organic phase, and the extractive transfer process obeys the Nernst law.
Abstract: Within the framework of a program aiming to improve the existing extractive recovery technology of fermentation products, the state of the art is critically reviewed. The acids under consideration are propionic, lactic, pyruvic, succinic, fumaric, maleic, malic, itaconic, tartaric, citric, and isocitric, all obtained by the aerobic fermentation of glucose via the glycolytic pathway and glyoxylate bypass. With no exception, it is the undissociated monomeric acid that is extracted into carbon-bonded and phosphorus-bonded oxygen donor extractants. In the organic phase, the acids are usually dimerized. The extractive transfer process obeys the Nernst law, and the measured partition coefficients range from about 0.003 for aliphatic hydrocarbons to about 2 to 3 for aliphatic alcohols and ketones to about 10 or more for organophosphates. Equally high distribution ratios are measured when long-chain tertiary amines are employed as extractants, forming bulky salts preferentially soluble in the organic phase.
670 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the distribution of citric acid between water and trialkylamine C 7 -C 9 dissolved in 7 various diluents (p -xylene, toluene, benzene, MIBK, 1-octanol, methylene chloride, chloroform) was studied.
143 citations
"Recovery of citric acid - a review" refers result in this paper
...The values of hydration coefficient were also correlated with the solvatochromic parameters of the diluents [ 31 ]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the effect of diluents on the extraction of citric acid was studied and a nonpolar diluent was used to extract the acid from tertiary amines.
Abstract: Tertiary amines are effective extractants for citric acid. The effect of diluents on the extraction is very important since it affects the distribution of citric acid, the selectivity and the phase separation properties. The distribution coefficient for citric acid is strongly temperature dependent. This makes it possible to strip the acid into water at a higher temperature. Alamine 336 dissolved in a nonpolar diluent is a suitable solvent. Pilot plant runs show that the process is technically feasible.
118 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the co-extraction of citric acid from aqueous solutions with TAA, a mixture of tertiary aliphatic amines, dissolved in 1-octanol/n-heptane mixtures, and showed that two complexes [acid-amine-h 11 H 2 O and acid-(amine) 2.h 12 O] have been assumed to exist in the organic phase, and the corresponding equilibrium constants, apparent enthalpies, and entropies of complex formation have been evaluated.
Abstract: Extraction of citric acid from aqueous solutions with TAA, a mixture of tertiary aliphatic amines, dissolved in 1-octanol/n-heptane mixtures, and coextraction of water have been studied as a function of acid, amine, and octanol concentrations at different temperatures. Using a chemical modeling approach, two complexes [acid-amine-h 11 H 2 O and acid-(amine) 2 .h 12 H 2 O] have been assumed to exist in the organic phase, and the corresponding equilibrium constants, apparent enthalpies, and entropies of complex formation have been evaluated
78 citations
"Recovery of citric acid - a review" refers background in this paper
...According to IR spectra, the amine acid interaction is represented by an equilibrium between the extreme types of an H-bond (neutral O-H....NR3 and ionic O ) ....H- + NR3) [ 32 ]....
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TL;DR: In this article, various mathematical models of amine extraction of tribasic weak acid were developed and compared with equilibrium data on the distribution of citric acid between water and solution of trialkylamine in MIBK.
66 citations
"Recovery of citric acid - a review" refers methods in this paper
...The best fit was obtained using a combination of the aggregation and hydration corrections [ 30 ]....
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