Recycling and Reuse
04 Mar 2016-pp 157-157
About: The article was published on 2016-03-04. It has received 13 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Reuse.
Citations
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TL;DR: It was found that all LMBR substitution treatments were at par to RRF with respect to grain yield production, suggesting that both the LMBRs can be employed to reduce the usage of chemical fertilizers, thus promoting maize crop production in a sustainable manner.
Abstract: High volumes of lipid extracted microalgal biomass residues (LMBRs) are expected to be produced upon commencement of biodiesel production on a large scale, thus necessitating its value addition for sustainable development. LMBRs of Chlorella variabilis and Lyngbya majuscula were employed to substitute the nitrogen content of recommended rate of fertilizer (RRF) for Zea mays L. The pot experiment comprised of 10 treatments, i.e. T1 (No fertilizer); T2 (RRF-120 N: 60 P2O5: 40 K2O kg ha-1); T3 to T6 -100, 75, 50 and 25% N through LMBR of the Chlorella sp., respectively; T7 to T10 -100, 75, 50 and 25% N through LMBR of Lyngbya sp., respectively. It was found that all LMBR substitution treatments were at par to RRF with respect to grain yield production. T10 gave the highest grain yield (65.16 g plant-1), which was closely followed by that (63.48 g plant-1) under T5. T10 also recorded the highest phosphorus and potassium contents in grains. T4 was markedly superior over control in terms of dry matter accumulation (DMA) as well as carbohydrate content, which was ascribed to higher pigment content and photosynthetic activity in leaves. Even though considerably lower DMA was obtained in Lyngbya treatments, which might have been due to the presence of some toxic factors, no reduction in grain yield was apparent. The length of the tassel was significantly higher in either of the LMBRs at any substitution rates over RRF, except T6 and T7. The ascorbate peroxidase activity decreased with decreasing dose of Chlorella LMBR, while all the Lyngbya LMBR treatments recorded lower activity, which were at par with each other. Among the Chlorella treatments, only T5 recorded significantly higher values of glutathione reductase activity over RRF, while the rest were at par. There were significant increases in carbohydrate and crude fat, respectively, only in T4 and T3 over RRF, while no change was observed in crude protein due to LMBR treatments. Apparently, there was no detrimental effect on soil properties, suggesting that both the LMBRs can be employed to reduce the usage of chemical fertilizers, thus promoting maize crop production in a sustainable manner.
52Â citations
Cites background from "Recycling and Reuse"
...Such value addition of LMBRs may be by its use as feed and fertilizer; fermentation to bio-methane and bio-ethanol; as a nutrient source for organisms; thermo-chemical conversion into various fuels and chemicals and as biosorbents for removal of dye and heavy metals from wastewater (Mata et al., 2010; Scott et al., 2010; Rashid et al., 2013; Maurya et al., 2014)....
[...]
TL;DR: In this article, the authors highlight an insight on research activities of biological CO2 mitigation using photo catalysts (algae and photo bacteria), anaerobic biocatalyst (bacteria), gas fermentation and enzymatic catalyst.
Abstract: Changes in the environment due to multiple factors such as combustion of fossil fuels, heating, transportation, deforestation, etc. had led to more greenhouse gases in atmosphere that eventually lead to rise in global temperatures. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the major factor for rapid rise in global temperature. One of the best encouraging technological advances to address global warming is to transform CO2 into value-added commodities that offer a win-win strategy. In this regard, intensive research has been pursued around the world for development of feasible systems in product recovery or product synthesis from CO2 rich industrial emissions. We envision that biological CO2 reduction or conversion process can be beneficial for developing carbon neutral technologies. The integration of CO2 emitting industrial technologies with CO2 converting biological systems can be helpful in achieving sustainable value-added products with no or minimal loss of energy and materials which is assuring for improved economics. The CO2 converting bioprocesses can be directly integrated with the processes emitting high amount of CO2. This symbiotic integration can make the whole process carbon neutral. Herein, this review highlights an insight on research activities of biological CO2 mitigation using photo catalysts (algae and photo bacteria), anaerobic biocatalyst (bacteria), gas fermentation and enzymatic catalyst. Perspectives and challenges of these technologies have been discussed.
47Â citations
Cites background from "Recycling and Reuse"
...Subjecting residual biomass or DMB (post lipid extraction) in various fields improves the economic feasibility and commercialization of algal bioprocesses (Singh et al., 2011; Rashid et al., 2013)....
[...]
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focused on the life cycle energy assessment of 22 academic buildings, making NTU the first university campus in Singapore and the Asia Pacific to conduct a large-scale life-cycle energy investigation.
27Â citations
TL;DR: Six solvent systems were employed to extract lipids from dry and wet biomass of Scenedesmus obliquus to explore the biorefinery concept and find suitable solvent/s for lipid extraction, which has minimal effect on metabolites in lipid-extracted algae.
Abstract: Microalgae have tremendous potential to grow rapidly, synthesize, and accumulate lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. The effects of solvent extraction of lipids on other metabolites such as proteins and carbohydrates in lipid-extracted algal (LEA) biomass are crucial aspects of algal biorefinery approach. An effective and economically feasible algae-based oil industry will depend on the selection of suitable solvent/s for lipid extraction, which has minimal effect on metabolites in lipid-extracted algae. In current study, six solvent systems were employed to extract lipids from dry and wet biomass of Scenedesmus obliquus. To explore the biorefinery concept, dichloromethane/methanol (2:1 v/v) was a suitable solvent for dry biomass; it gave 18.75% lipids (dry cell weight) in whole algal biomass, 32.79% proteins, and 24.73% carbohydrates in LEA biomass. In the case of wet biomass, in order to exploit all three metabolites, isopropanol/hexane (2:1 v/v) is an appropriate solvent system which gave 7.8% lipids (dry cell weight) in whole algal biomass, 20.97% proteins, and 22.87% carbohydrates in LEA biomass.
25Â citations
Cites background from "Recycling and Reuse"
...The efficient use of LEA will certainly reduce the overall production cost of algal biodiesel (Christaki et al. 2011; Rashid et al. 2013; Lardon et al. 2009)....
[...]
25 May 2017
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors highlight feasible and practicable approaches for managing end-of-life rolling stocks and highlight the benefits to the environment from rolling stock recycling, which could result in sustainable society and urban livings.
Abstract: This review paper highlights feasible and practicable approaches for managing end-of-life rolling stocks. It aims to promote and enable sustainable procurement policy for rolling stocks. Firstly, it demonstrates that modern rolling stocks can potentially gain the environmental benefits since almost all of their materials used in the rolling stock manufacturing can be recycled and reused. In this study, a brief definition and concept of various train types are introduced and discussed, accompanied by some demonstrative illustrations. Then, component analyses, recovery rates and percent proportion of each material in various rolling stock assemblies have been evaluated. The estimation of material quantities that can potentially be recycled has been carried out using industry data sources. The suitable management procedures for end-of-life rail vehicles are then discussed, together with the life cycle of the key materials in which the recyclability criteria take into account the environmental risks and the best and safest approaches to deal with them. The aim of this study is to increase the awareness of the public, train manufacturers and rail industries on the benefits to the environment from rolling stock recycling, which could result in sustainable society and urban livings.
20Â citations
References
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TL;DR: It was found that all LMBR substitution treatments were at par to RRF with respect to grain yield production, suggesting that both the LMBRs can be employed to reduce the usage of chemical fertilizers, thus promoting maize crop production in a sustainable manner.
Abstract: High volumes of lipid extracted microalgal biomass residues (LMBRs) are expected to be produced upon commencement of biodiesel production on a large scale, thus necessitating its value addition for sustainable development. LMBRs of Chlorella variabilis and Lyngbya majuscula were employed to substitute the nitrogen content of recommended rate of fertilizer (RRF) for Zea mays L. The pot experiment comprised of 10 treatments, i.e. T1 (No fertilizer); T2 (RRF-120 N: 60 P2O5: 40 K2O kg ha-1); T3 to T6 -100, 75, 50 and 25% N through LMBR of the Chlorella sp., respectively; T7 to T10 -100, 75, 50 and 25% N through LMBR of Lyngbya sp., respectively. It was found that all LMBR substitution treatments were at par to RRF with respect to grain yield production. T10 gave the highest grain yield (65.16 g plant-1), which was closely followed by that (63.48 g plant-1) under T5. T10 also recorded the highest phosphorus and potassium contents in grains. T4 was markedly superior over control in terms of dry matter accumulation (DMA) as well as carbohydrate content, which was ascribed to higher pigment content and photosynthetic activity in leaves. Even though considerably lower DMA was obtained in Lyngbya treatments, which might have been due to the presence of some toxic factors, no reduction in grain yield was apparent. The length of the tassel was significantly higher in either of the LMBRs at any substitution rates over RRF, except T6 and T7. The ascorbate peroxidase activity decreased with decreasing dose of Chlorella LMBR, while all the Lyngbya LMBR treatments recorded lower activity, which were at par with each other. Among the Chlorella treatments, only T5 recorded significantly higher values of glutathione reductase activity over RRF, while the rest were at par. There were significant increases in carbohydrate and crude fat, respectively, only in T4 and T3 over RRF, while no change was observed in crude protein due to LMBR treatments. Apparently, there was no detrimental effect on soil properties, suggesting that both the LMBRs can be employed to reduce the usage of chemical fertilizers, thus promoting maize crop production in a sustainable manner.
52Â citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors highlight an insight on research activities of biological CO2 mitigation using photo catalysts (algae and photo bacteria), anaerobic biocatalyst (bacteria), gas fermentation and enzymatic catalyst.
Abstract: Changes in the environment due to multiple factors such as combustion of fossil fuels, heating, transportation, deforestation, etc. had led to more greenhouse gases in atmosphere that eventually lead to rise in global temperatures. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the major factor for rapid rise in global temperature. One of the best encouraging technological advances to address global warming is to transform CO2 into value-added commodities that offer a win-win strategy. In this regard, intensive research has been pursued around the world for development of feasible systems in product recovery or product synthesis from CO2 rich industrial emissions. We envision that biological CO2 reduction or conversion process can be beneficial for developing carbon neutral technologies. The integration of CO2 emitting industrial technologies with CO2 converting biological systems can be helpful in achieving sustainable value-added products with no or minimal loss of energy and materials which is assuring for improved economics. The CO2 converting bioprocesses can be directly integrated with the processes emitting high amount of CO2. This symbiotic integration can make the whole process carbon neutral. Herein, this review highlights an insight on research activities of biological CO2 mitigation using photo catalysts (algae and photo bacteria), anaerobic biocatalyst (bacteria), gas fermentation and enzymatic catalyst. Perspectives and challenges of these technologies have been discussed.
47Â citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focused on the life cycle energy assessment of 22 academic buildings, making NTU the first university campus in Singapore and the Asia Pacific to conduct a large-scale life-cycle energy investigation.
27Â citations
TL;DR: Six solvent systems were employed to extract lipids from dry and wet biomass of Scenedesmus obliquus to explore the biorefinery concept and find suitable solvent/s for lipid extraction, which has minimal effect on metabolites in lipid-extracted algae.
Abstract: Microalgae have tremendous potential to grow rapidly, synthesize, and accumulate lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. The effects of solvent extraction of lipids on other metabolites such as proteins and carbohydrates in lipid-extracted algal (LEA) biomass are crucial aspects of algal biorefinery approach. An effective and economically feasible algae-based oil industry will depend on the selection of suitable solvent/s for lipid extraction, which has minimal effect on metabolites in lipid-extracted algae. In current study, six solvent systems were employed to extract lipids from dry and wet biomass of Scenedesmus obliquus. To explore the biorefinery concept, dichloromethane/methanol (2:1 v/v) was a suitable solvent for dry biomass; it gave 18.75% lipids (dry cell weight) in whole algal biomass, 32.79% proteins, and 24.73% carbohydrates in LEA biomass. In the case of wet biomass, in order to exploit all three metabolites, isopropanol/hexane (2:1 v/v) is an appropriate solvent system which gave 7.8% lipids (dry cell weight) in whole algal biomass, 20.97% proteins, and 22.87% carbohydrates in LEA biomass.
25Â citations
25 May 2017
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors highlight feasible and practicable approaches for managing end-of-life rolling stocks and highlight the benefits to the environment from rolling stock recycling, which could result in sustainable society and urban livings.
Abstract: This review paper highlights feasible and practicable approaches for managing end-of-life rolling stocks. It aims to promote and enable sustainable procurement policy for rolling stocks. Firstly, it demonstrates that modern rolling stocks can potentially gain the environmental benefits since almost all of their materials used in the rolling stock manufacturing can be recycled and reused. In this study, a brief definition and concept of various train types are introduced and discussed, accompanied by some demonstrative illustrations. Then, component analyses, recovery rates and percent proportion of each material in various rolling stock assemblies have been evaluated. The estimation of material quantities that can potentially be recycled has been carried out using industry data sources. The suitable management procedures for end-of-life rail vehicles are then discussed, together with the life cycle of the key materials in which the recyclability criteria take into account the environmental risks and the best and safest approaches to deal with them. The aim of this study is to increase the awareness of the public, train manufacturers and rail industries on the benefits to the environment from rolling stock recycling, which could result in sustainable society and urban livings.
20Â citations