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Journal ArticleDOI

Reducing violence using community-based advocacy for women with abusive partners.

01 Feb 1999-Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (American Psychological Association)-Vol. 67, Iss: 1, pp 43-53
TL;DR: More than twice as many women receiving advocacy services experienced no violence across the 2 years postintervention compared with women who did not receive such services.
Abstract: An intensive community-based advocacy intervention was designed and evaluated by randomly assigning 278 battered women to an experimental or control condition Participants were interviewed 6 times over a period of 2 years Retention rate averaged 95% over the 2 years The 10-week postshelter intervention involved providing trained advocates to work 1-on-1 with women, helping generate and access the community resources they needed to reduce their risk of future violence from their abusive partners Women who worked with advocates experienced less violence over time, reported higher quality of life and social support, and had less difficulty obtaining community resources More than twice as many women receiving advocacy services experienced no violence across the 2 years postintervention compared with women who did not receive such services
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Overall, effects due to treatment were in the small range, meaning that the current interventions have a minimal impact on reducing recidivism beyond the effect of being arrested.

1,237 citations


Cites methods from "Reducing violence using community-b..."

  • ...Sullivan and Bybee (1999) conducted a well-designed randomized clinical trial of victims’ advocacy intervention that yielded an effect size (d) of 0.35 based on victim report of recidivism; however, interventions with victims are beyond the scope of the current metaanalysis....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A cognitive theory from general literature on help-seeking in “stigmatizing” situations suggests three relevant processes or stages of seeking help in the IPV context: defining the problem, deciding to seek help, and selecting a source of support.
Abstract: This paper suggests a conceptual framework for understanding the processes of help-seeking among survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV). A cognitive theory from general literature on help-seeking in "stigmatizing" situations suggests three relevant processes or stages of seeking help in the IPV context: defining the problem, deciding to seek help, and selecting a source of support. Individual, interpersonal, and sociocultural factors that influence decision-making at each of these stages are discussed and illustrated with case examples.

632 citations


Cites background from "Reducing violence using community-b..."

  • ...In an evaluation of the impact of intensive advocacy services provided as battered women left a shelter, Sullivan and Bybee (1999) found that women who received these services were twice as likely to be free of IPV in the subsequent 2 years compared to those who did not receive the services....

    [...]

  • ...In an evaluation of the impact of intensive advocacy services provided as battered women left a shelter, Sullivan and Bybee (1999) found that women who received these services were twice as likely to be free of IPV in the subsequent 2 years compared to those who did not receive the services....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a broad range of programs for prevention of child maltreatment exist, the effectiveness of most of the programs is unknown, and there are currently no known approaches to prevent emotional abuse or exposure to intimate-partner violence.

627 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of lay health workers (LHWs) interventions in primary and community health care on health care behaviours, patients' health and wellbeing, and patients' satisfaction with care were assessed.
Abstract: BACKGROUND Lay health workers (LHWs) are widely used to provide care for a broad range of health issues. However, little is known about the effectiveness of LHW interventions. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of LHW interventions in primary and community health care on health care behaviours, patients' health and wellbeing, and patients' satisfaction with care. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care and Consumers and Communication specialised registers (to August 2001); the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (to August 2001); MEDLINE (1966- August 2001); EMBASE (1966-August 2001); Science Citations (to August 2001); CINAHL (1966-June 2001); Healthstar (1975-2000); AMED (1966-August 2001); the Leeds Health Education Effectiveness Database and the reference lists of articles. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials of any intervention delivered by LHWs (paid or voluntary) in primary or community health care and intended to promote health, manage illness or provide support to patients. A 'lay health worker' was defined as any health worker carrying out functions related to health care delivery; trained in some way in the context of the intervention; and having no formal professional or paraprofessional certificated or degreed tertiary education. There were no restrictions on the types of consumers. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two reviewers independently extracted data onto a standard form and assessed study quality. Studies that compared broadly similar types of interventions were grouped together. Where feasible, the results of included studies were combined and an estimate of effect obtained. MAIN RESULTS Forty three studies met the inclusion criteria, involving more than 210,110 consumers. These showed considerable diversity in the targeted health issue and the aims, content and outcomes of interventions. Most were conducted in high income countries (n=35), but nearly half of these focused on low income and minority populations (n=15). Study diversity limited meta-analysis to outcomes for five subgroups (n=15 studies) (LHW interventions to promote the uptake of breast cancer screening, immunisation and breastfeeding promotion [before two weeks and between two weeks and six months post partum] and to improve diagnosis and treatment for selected infectious diseases). Promising benefits in comparison with usual care were shown for LHW interventions to promote immunisation uptake in children and adults (RR=1.30 [95% CI 1.14, 1.48] p=0.0001) and LHW interventions to improve outcomes for selected infectious diseases (RR=0.74 [95% CI 0.58, 0.93) p=0.01). LHWs also appear promising for breastfeeding promotion. They appear to have a small effect in promoting breast cancer screening uptake when compared with usual care. For the remaining subgroups (n=29 studies), the outcomes were too diverse to allow statistical pooling. We can therefore draw no general conclusions on the effectiveness of these subgroups of interventions. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS LHWs show promising benefits in promoting immunisation uptake and improving outcomes for acute respiratory infections and malaria, when compared to usual care. For other health issues, evidence is insufficient to justify recommendations for policy and practice. There is also insufficient evidence to assess which LHW training or intervention strategies are likely to be most effective. Further research is needed in these areas.

592 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed evidence for interventions to reduce the prevalence and incidence of violence against women and girls, and found that women-centred, advocacy, and home-visitation programs can reduce a woman's risk of further victimisation, with less conclusive evidence for the preventive effect of programmes for perpetrators.

578 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The CES-D scale as discussed by the authors is a short self-report scale designed to measure depressive symptomatology in the general population, which has been used in household interview surveys and in psychiatric settings.
Abstract: The CES-D scale is a short self-report scale designed to measure depressive symptomatology in the general population. The items of the scale are symptoms associated with depression which have been used in previously validated longer scales. The new scale was tested in household interview surveys and in psychiatric settings. It was found to have very high internal consistency and adequate test- retest repeatability. Validity was established by pat terns of correlations with other self-report measures, by correlations with clinical ratings of depression, and by relationships with other variables which support its construct validity. Reliability, validity, and factor structure were similar across a wide variety of demographic characteristics in the general population samples tested. The scale should be a useful tool for epidemiologic studies of de pression.

48,339 citations

Book
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: This work states that maximum Likelihood for General Patterns of Missing Data: Introduction and Theory with Ignorable Nonresponse and large-Sample Inference Based on Maximum Likelihood Estimates is likely to be high.
Abstract: Preface.PART I: OVERVIEW AND BASIC APPROACHES.Introduction.Missing Data in Experiments.Complete-Case and Available-Case Analysis, Including Weighting Methods.Single Imputation Methods.Estimation of Imputation Uncertainty.PART II: LIKELIHOOD-BASED APPROACHES TO THE ANALYSIS OF MISSING DATA.Theory of Inference Based on the Likelihood Function.Methods Based on Factoring the Likelihood, Ignoring the Missing-Data Mechanism.Maximum Likelihood for General Patterns of Missing Data: Introduction and Theory with Ignorable Nonresponse.Large-Sample Inference Based on Maximum Likelihood Estimates.Bayes and Multiple Imputation.PART III: LIKELIHOOD-BASED APPROACHES TO THE ANALYSIS OF MISSING DATA: APPLICATIONS TO SOME COMMON MODELS.Multivariate Normal Examples, Ignoring the Missing-Data Mechanism.Models for Robust Estimation.Models for Partially Classified Contingency Tables, Ignoring the Missing-Data Mechanism.Mixed Normal and Nonnormal Data with Missing Values, Ignoring the Missing-Data Mechanism.Nonignorable Missing-Data Models.References.Author Index.Subject Index.

18,201 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...Little’s MCAR (Missing Completely at Random) test (Little & Rubin, 1987) indicated that the pattern of missing data was not strongly dependent on the nonmissing data values, χ2(646, N = 265) = 698....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Conflict Tactics (CT) scales as discussed by the authors measure the use of reasoning, verbal aggression, and violence within the family in intra-family conflict and violence research, and the CT scales are designed for measuring the use qf Reasoning, VerbalAggression, and Violence within families.
Abstract: Development of research on intrafamily conflict and violence requires both conceptual clarity and measures of the concepts. The introduction to this paper therefore seeks to clarifj and distinguish the concepts of "conflict, " "conflict of interest, " "hostility, " and "violence. " The main part qf the paper describes the Conflict Tactics (CT) Scales. The CT Scales are designed to measure the use qf Reasoning, VerbalAggression, and Violence within the family. Information is presented on the following aspects of this instrument: theoretical rational, acceptability to respondents, scoring, factor structure, reliability, validity, and norms for a nationally representative sample of 2,143 couples.

6,226 citations

Book
30 Nov 1976
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed indicators of perceived well-being and developed a conceptual model to predict the quality of life of a person in the United Kingdom, based on the relationship between single concern measures and the global measures.
Abstract: 1: Introduction- Social Indicators- Characteristics of Social Indicators- Quality of Life- Objective and Subjective Indicators- The Research Problem- Research Goals- Usefulness- Basic Concepts and a Conceptual Model- Domains and Criteria- A Conceptual Model- Going Beyond the Model- Dimensional Expansion of the Model- Feedback Loops- Processes That Generate Affective Evaluations- Methods and Data- The Measurement of Affective Evaluations- Data Sources- National-Level Surveys- Local-Level Survey- Summary- 1: Developing Indicators of Perceived Well-Being- 2: Identifying and Mapping Concerns- Research Strategy- Identifying Concerns- Mapping the Concerns- Maps and the Mapping Process- Perceptual Structures-July Respondents- Description of the Structure- Interpretation of Dimensions- Relationships Among Concerns- Perceptual Structures-May and November Respondents- Perceptual Structures-April Respondents- Perceptual Structures-After Equating for Level and Variability of Evaluations- Perceptual Structures-Subgroups of the Population- Men and Women- Four Age Groups- Blacks- Groups with High or Low Status- Selecting and Clustering Concern-Level Measures- Methodology- Clusters- Affective Evaluations Versus Unspecified Feelings- Summary- 3: Measuring Global Well-Being- On the Existence of Global Assessments of Life Quality- The Global Measures and a Typology for Classifying Them- General Assessments of Life-as-a-Whole from an "Absolute" Perspective- Full-Range Measures- Part-Range Measures- More Specific Qualities of Life-as-a-Whole, "Absolute" Perspective- Assessments of Life-as-a-Whole from a Relative Perspective- Assessment of Life-as-a-Whole from the Perspectives of Long- or Short-Term Change- Long-Term Change- Short-Term Change- Supplementary Global Measures- Formal Structure of the Typology- Interrelationships Among Global Measures- Overview of Results- Results from April Respondents- Relationships Among Global Measures- Smallest Space Analysis- Results for Subgroups- Summary of Results from April Respondents- Results from November Respondents- Relationships Among Global Measures- Factor Analysis- Summary of Results from November Respondents- Results from July Respondents- Relationships Among Global Measures- Factor Analysis- Summary- 4: Predicting Global Well-Being: I- Life 3 A Measure of Global Well-Being- Topics to Be Discussed and Overview of Results- Relationships Between Single Concern Measures and Life 3- Multivariate Prediction of Life 3- Models for Predicting Life 3 from Concern Measures- Linearities- Lack of Interactions- Weighting Schemes- Conclusions and Comments About the Prediction Model- Predicting Life 3 Using Different Sets of Concern Measures- Results from May Respondents- Results from November Respondents- Results from April Respondents- Results from July Respondents- Using Classification Variables to Predict Life 3- Results from May Respondents- Results from April Respondents- Lack of Statistical Interactions- Evaluation of Predictive Levels Achieved- May Data- July Data- November and April Data- Prediction of Life 3 in Subgroups of the Population- Summary- 5: Predicting Global Well-Being: II- Plan of the Chapter and Overview of Results- Relationships Between Single Concern Measures and the Global Measures- Type A Global Measures- Type B Global Measures- Type C Global Measures- Type D Global Measures- Type E Global Measures- Type F Global Measures- Type G Global Measures- Comment- Multivariate Prediction of Global Measures- Summary- 6: Evaluating the Measures of Well-Being- Plan of the Chapter and Overview of Results- Estimation of the Validity and Error Components of the Measures- Measurement Theory and Models- Variance Components- Measurement Models- Construct Validity and Measurement Models- Estimates Derived from the July Data- Nature of the July Data- The Measurement Model- The Results- Summary and Comments Regarding July Results- The Reliability of the Life Measures in National Data- Estimates Derived from the May Data- Estimates Derived from the April Data- Estimates Derived from the November Data- Estimates Derived from the October Data- Comparison of Validity Estimates for Different Methods- Distributions Produced by the More Valid Methods- Statistical Results- Conclusions and Comments About Distribution Forms- Overall Evaluations, Additional Criteria, Further Improvements- Category Labeling and Ease of Use- Overall Evaluations- Toward Further Improvements- Relationships Between Measures of Perceived Well-Being and Other Types of Variables- Summary- 7: Exploring the Dynamics of Evaluation- Organization of the Chapter and Summary of Results- Exploration 1: A Statistical Translation Between the Delighted-Terrible Scale and the Faces, Circles, and Ladder Scales- Exploration 2: The D-T Scale Categories and Three More General Levels of Evaluation- Exploration 3: Hypothetical Family Incomes and Affective Evaluations on the D-T Scale- Exploration 4: The Role of Perceptions About the Past and Future in Predicting Present Evaluations- Exploration 5: Six Frames of Reference and Evaluations of Well-Being- Exploration 6: An Implementation of the Domains-by-Criteria Model- The Problem- Design of the Analysis and Measures Employed- Results- Bivariate Relationships- Multivariate Relationships- Conclusions- Exploration 7: Comparisons Between One's Own Well-Being and That of Others- Exploration 8: Judgments of the "Importance" of Concerns- Exploration 9: Searching for People with Distinctive Patterns of Feelings About Well-Being- Summary- 2: Well-Being in the United States: Americans' Perceptions- 8: Americans' Well-Being: Specific Life Concerns- The Nation- The National Government- Local Government- Economic Situation- Community- Services and Facilities- Education- Jobs- Neighborhood- Friends and Associates- Home- Leisure and Leisure-Time Facilities- Family- Self- Interpersonal Relations- Seasonal Changes- Comparisons Among Means- Skewness, Bias, and Spread- Discussion- Summary- 9: Americans' Well-Being: Differences Among Population Groups- Groups Identified- Comparison of General Well-Being in Different Groups- Men and Women- Age Groups- Family Life-Cycle- Socioeconomic Status- Blacks and Whites- Nondifferences- Discussion- Summary- 10: Americans' Well-Being: Life-as-a-Whole- Evaluations of Life-as-a-Whole by the Total Population- General Evaluations of Life-as-a-Whole- Absolute Perspective (Type A and B Measures)- Long-Term Changes in Well-Being (Type E Measures)- Own Well-Being Relative to That of Others (Type D Measures)- More Specific Evaluations of Life-as-a-Whole (Type C Measures)- Satisfaction, Happiness, Worries- Positive Affect, Negative Affect, Affect Balance- Selected Other Qualities of Life-as-a-Whole- Evaluations of Life-as-a-Whole in Population Groups- General Evaluations of Life-as-a-Whole- Absolute Perspective (Type A Measures)- Long-Term Changes in Well-Being (Type E Measures)- Best Week, Worst Week, Short-Term Changes (Measures of Types B and F)- Own Well-Being Relative to That of Others (Type D Measures)- More Specific Evaluations of Life-as-a-Whole (Type C Measures)- Satisfaction- Happiness- Positive and Negative Affect- Affect Balance- Worries- Comments on Defenses, Adaptations, and Coping Mechanisms- Summary- 3: Future Applications- 11: Applications- Organization of the Chapter- Instrument Design- Parameters Affecting Instrument Design- Substantive Interests- Resources- Precision- Methods of Data Collection- Specific Proposals on Instrument Design- Concern-Level Measures- Global Measures- Response Scales- Analysis and Interpretation- Measure Construction and Analysis- Interpretation Perspectives- Summary- Appendixes- Appendix A: Interview and Questionnaire Schedules- Interview Used with May Respondents- Interview Used with November Form 1 Respondents- Interview Used with November Form 2 Respondents- Interview Used with April Respondents- Questionnaire Used with July Respondents- Appendix B: Sampling Designs, Response Rates, Sampling Precision- Appendix C: Clusters of Concern Items- Appendix D: Interrelationships Among Concern Items in May and April Surveys, by Population Subgroups- Appendix E: Factor Analyses of Concern Items from May, November, and April National Surveys- Appendix F: Factor Analysis of Global Measures from the April National Survey- Appendix G: Scan for Interactions Involving Concern Measures and Life 3- Appendix H: Demographic Characteristics of July Respondents- Appendix I: Distributions Produced by the Delighted-Terrible, Faces, and Circles Scales on Five Concerns- Appendix J: Number of Cases Used in Computing Means Shown in Exhibit 71- Appendix L: Formation of Socioeconomic Status Scale- Appendix M: Subgroup Ns and Percentage Distributions- Appendix N: Perceived Well-Being in 1974, 1976- References

2,479 citations