Reduction-oxidation pathways involved in cancer development: a systematic review of literature reviews.
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...Mitochondria are also particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage and are central to the theory of aging [20, 21]....
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References
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"Reduction-oxidation pathways involv..." refers background in this paper
...Therefore, ROS/RNS, especially hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO), can act as second messengers by activating or inhibiting protein functions [2-4]....
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...For instance, ROS play a part in antioxidant defense systems to maintain redox homeostasis even though they are strong oxidants themselves [3]....
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...Excessive levels of ROS/RNS are able to react with proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, and may exert negative effects on these molecules [3, 7]....
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4,926 citations
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...hepatocellular cancer [73]), which benefits cancer growth [71-73]....
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...Under unstimulated condition, β-catenin is inactivated by forming a destruction complex with axin, adenomatous polyposis coli, glycogen synthase kinase 3 and casein kinase 1 [71, 72]....
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...Wnt can activate β-catenin transcriptional activity by binding to a Frizzled receptor and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 and 6 [71, 72]....
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...The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is implicated in cell proliferation, cell adhesion and cell fate decision [58, 71, 73]....
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3,922 citations
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...Oxidative stress induced disruption of signaling pathways may promote cancer cell survival, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, inhibition of apoptosis and chemo- and radio- therapy resistance [9, 11]....
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...Besides molecular damage, increased ROS/ RNS levels are involved in disruption of redox signaling and regulation [9]....
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3,564 citations
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...STAT proteins are induced by activation of cytokine-Janus kinase (JAK) signaling [69, 70]....
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...STAT proteins control inflammatory responses and are involved in cancer development [70]....
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...STAT3 and STAT5 are upregulated in numerous types of cancer cells and promote cancer growth, angiogenesis and metastasis [70]....
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...In particular, activation of STAT3 leads to expression of interleukin-6 and COX-2 which mediate cancerpromoting immunity [70]....
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...Seven STAT proteins have been identified in mammals: STAT1-4, STAT5A, STAT5B and STAT6 [69, 70]....
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...The activated p38 MAPK targets multiple transcription factors, such as p38, MEF2 and ATF-2 [34]....
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...Then the MAPKKK activate MAP2K4/7 which subsequently activates JNKs. Oncotarget51896www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Similar to p38 MAPK, the activated JNKs are able to phosphorylate several transcription factors, like c-Jun, ATF-2 and STAT3 [29]....
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...Therefore, the ERK1/2 pathway can promote cancer development by maintaining cancer cell survival and stimulating cancer cell proliferation and metastasis [30, 34]....
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...11 Mitogen-activated protein kinase 41 6 [29-34]...
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...In addition, mutations in genes which encode for RAS and RAF are involved in cancer development [34]....
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