Refugees, Land Reclamation, and Militarized Landscapes in Wartime China: Huanglongshan, Shaanxi, 1937–45
TL;DR: This article investigated the relationship between refugee flight and environmental change during the Sino-Japanese War of 1937-45 through a study of land reclamation projects in Shaanxi's Huanglongshan region.
Abstract: This article investigates relationships between refugee flight and environmental change during the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–45 through a study of land reclamation projects in Shaanxi's Huanglongshan region. During the conflict with Japan, China's Nationalist government resettled thousands of refugees who fled war-induced natural disasters in Henan to Huanglongshan to reclaim uncultivated wastelands. Land reclamation reflected an ongoing militarization of China's environment, as political leaders looked to land reclamation to provide relief for refugees, further economic mobilization by exploiting untapped natural resources, and foster an ethos of dedication and self-sacrifice for the nation. Unrestrained land clearance decimated forests that had returned to Huanglongshan's hillsides since its abandonment during the rebellions of the late Qing. By compelling displaced people to cultivate marginal lands, war also threatened the health of refugees by exposing them to endemic disease. Yet the militarizing logic that motivated these reclamation initiatives continued to reshape China's natural landscape long after the Sino-Japanese War ended.
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TL;DR: This paper explored the nature of China's unique decentralised 'authoritarian' regime and its various origins, the continuous dialectic between state-directed and market-directed approaches to the economy (including water); the economic and budgetary drivers of water policy change; whether the concept of integrated water resources management is overly loaded with liberal ideas or even if not, whether it provides any insights beyond concepts more widely accepted in China; whether state-society dichotomy makes sense in China's guanxi (personal relations) culture; and the course of the World Bank-sponsored Self-funded
Abstract: This essay explores the nature of China’s unique decentralised 'authoritarian' regime and its various origins; the continuous dialectic between state-directed and market-directed approaches to the economy (including water); the economic and budgetary drivers of water policy change; whether the concept of integrated water resources management (IWRM) is overly 'loaded' with liberal ideas or even if not, whether it provides any insights beyond concepts more widely accepted in China; whether the state-society dichotomy makes sense in China’s guanxi (personal relations) culture; and the course of the World Bank-sponsored Self-funded/managed Irrigation and Drainage District (SIDD) reforms.
38 citations
Cites background from "Refugees, Land Reclamation, and Mil..."
...The twentieth century brought a modern militarised mass approach to the natural land- and waterscape of China by both Nationalist and Communist governments (Muscolino, 2010; Shapiro, 2001)....
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Book•
15 Dec 2014TL;DR: The ecology of displacement: social and environmental effects of refugee migration 6. Reconstruction and revolution Conclusion as discussed by the authors The land needs the people, the people need the land: beginnings of postconflict recovery 7.
Abstract: Introduction 1. A militarized river: the 1938 Yellow River flood and its aftermath 2. Stories of survival: refugee migration and ecological adaptation 3. Military metabolism and the Henan famine of 1942-3 4. Against the flow: hydraulic instability and ecological exhaustion 5. The ecology of displacement: social and environmental effects of refugee migration 6. The land needs the people, the people need the land: beginnings of postconflict recovery 7. Reconstruction and revolution Conclusion.
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01 Jan 2001TL;DR: The legacy of population, dams and political repression can be traced back to the early 19th century as mentioned in this paper, when the country was still a colony of the United Kingdom and the British Empire.
Abstract: Introduction 1. Population, dams and political repression 2. Deforestation, famine, and utopian urgency 3. Grainfields in lakes and dogmatic uniformity 4. War preparations and forcible relocations 5. The legacy.
427 citations
TL;DR: A Dictionary of the World's Plant Foods as mentioned in this paper is a good starting point for a discussion of food related policy issues in the food and drink domain, including food-related policy issues.
Abstract: Part I. Determining What Our Ancestors Ate Part II. Staple Foods Part III. Dietary Liquids Part IV. The Nutrients - Deficiencies and Surfeits Part V. Food and drink around the world Part VI. History, Nutrition, and Health Part VII. Contemporary Food-Related Policy Issues Part VIII. A Dictionary of the World's Plant Foods.
380 citations
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30 Apr 2005
TL;DR: The Qing Conquests as a World Historical Event as discussed by the authors were a seminal event in the development of the modern world and a major source of inspiration for many of the works that we are aware of.
Abstract: Preface Acknowledgments Note on Names, Dates, Weights and Measures, and Chinese Characters Introduction History, Time, and Memory The Qing Conquests as a World Historical Event PART ONE: THE FORMATION OF THE CENTRAL EURASIAN STATES 1. Environments, State Building, and National Identity The Unboundedness of Central Eurasia Trade, Transport, and Travel The Frontier Zone Isolation and Integration 2. The Ming, Muscovy, and Siberia, 1400-1600 The Ming and the Mongols State Formation in Muscovy and Russian Expansion Siberian and Chinese Frontiers 3. Central Eurasian Interactions and the Rise of the Manchus, 1600-1670 Building the Zunghar State The Rise of the Manchus Mongolian Influence on the Manchu State Early Modern State Building Compared PART TWO: CONTENDING FOR POWER 4. Manchus, Mongols, and Russians in Conflict, 1670-1690 Kangxi the Ruler Galdan's Intervention Kangxi's First Personal Expedition The Treaty of Nerchinsk and the Excluded Middle 5. Eating Snow: The End of Galdan, 1690-1697 The Dolon Nor Assembly The Battle of Jao Modo The Emperor Rewrites History The Final Campaigns and the Fate of Galdan 6. Imperial Overreach and Zunghar Survival, 1700-1731 The Rise of Tsewang Rabdan Three Central Eurasian Travelers The Penetration of Turkestan and Tibet The New Emperor Changes Tack 7. The Final Blows, 1734-1771 Transforming the Barbarians through Trade The Death Knell of the Zunghar State The Conquest of Turkestan The Return of the Torghuts PART THREE: THE ECONOMIC BASIS OF POWER 8. Cannons on Camelback: Ecological Structures and Economic Conjunctures Galdan the State Builder Nian Gengyao and the Incorporation of Qinghai Administering the Frontier 9. Land Settlement and Military Colonies Deportation from Turfan Settlement of Xinjiang Colonization and Land Clearance Economic Development 10. Harvests and Relief Harvests and Yields Granary Reserves The Contribution Scandal The Relief Campaign of 1756 11. Currency and Commerce Money on the Frontier, from Song through Ming Integration and Stabilization Commerce as a Weapon of War Tribute and Frontier Trade PART FOUR: FIXING FRONTIERS 12. Moving through the Land Travel and Authority Marking Space in Stone Maps and Power Expanding the Imperial Gaze 13. Marking Time: Writing Imperial History Kangxi's Campaign History Yongzheng and the Dayi Juemilu Qianlong's Account of the Zunghar Mongols A View from the Frontier Nomadic Chronicles PART FIVE: LEGACIES AND IMPLICATIONS 14. Writing the National History of Conquest Statecraft Writers and Empire Geopolitics and Emperor Worship Chinese Historians and the Multicultural State Soviet and Mongolian Attacks on Qing Aggression Empires, Nations, and Peoples 15. State Building in Europe and Asia The Political Ecology of Frontier Conquest European, Chinese, and Inner Asian Models Theories of Nomadic Empires Rethinking the Qing in the World 16. Frontier Expansion in the Rise and Fall of the Qing The End of the Qing State Northwest and Southern Frontiers The Negotiated State Commercialization and Regionalization APPENDIXES A. Rulers and Reigns B. The Yongzheng Emperor Reels from the News of the Disaster, 1731 C. Haggling at the Border D. Gansu Harvests and Yields E. Climate and Harvests in the Northwest Abbreviations Notes Bibliography Illustration Credits Index
363 citations
Book•
31 Jul 1997
TL;DR: Selenium in food and health, Selenium inFood and health , کتابخانه دیجیتال جندی شاپور اهواز
Abstract: Biological roles of selenium. Selenium in health and disease. Endemic selenium-related illness in humans. Non-endemic selenium-responsive conditions. Selenium and the immune response. Selenium in food. Selenium in diets. Selenium in the environment.
339 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: Xinjiang, the vast northwestern region comprising one sixth of the PRC today, borders on India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakstan, Russia and Mongolia as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Xinjiang, the vast northwestern region comprising one sixth of the PRC today, borders on India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakstan, Russia and Mongolia. Since antiquity it has stood at the crossroads between China, India, the Mediterranean and Russia. In recent decades its historic silk road linkages have grown increasingly global, with issues of energy, development, separatism and terrorism bringing the region into the news. James Millward draws on primary sources and scholarly research in several European and Asian languages to provide the first general account in English of the history of Xinjiang and its peoples from earliest times to the present. He discusses Xinjiang's world historical role as a commercial entrepot and cultural conduit by which Buddhism, Christianity and Islam entered China and its interactions with Tibetan, Mongol and other Inner Asian empires as well as with Chinese dynasties. "Crossswords of Eurasia" also examines the competing Chinese and Turkic nationalist visions of the region's status in modern times and the recurring dissent and rapid development under the PRC. Within the broad perspective of this book it emerges that the factors underlying historical change in the region - its natural environment and geography, its physical location at the overlap of cultural realms and its legacy of ethno-linguistic diversity - remain as relevant to Xinjiang's future as to its past.
256 citations