Relationship between alcohol intake and dietary pattern: findings from NHANES III.
28 Aug 2010-World Journal of Gastroenterology (Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.)-Vol. 16, Iss: 32, pp 4055-4060
TL;DR: There is an alteration in the daily dietary pattern with increasing alcohol consumption and that energy derived from alcoholic beverages substitutes that from other macronutrients such as carbohydrate, protein, and fat.
Abstract: AIM: To examine the association between macronutrient dietary patterns and alcohol consumption using the Third National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey III.
METHODS: A total of 9877 subjects (5144 males) constituted the study cohort. Dietary interviews were conducted with all examinees by a trained dietary interviewer in a mobile examination center (MEC). Subjects reported all foods and beverages consumed except plain drinking water for the previous 24-h time period. Physical examination and history of alcohol consumption were obtained. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the association of the levels of alcohol consumption and the percentage of energy derived from macronutrients. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed accounting for the study sampling weight to further explore the relationships between alcohol consumption and calories derived from each macronutrient.
RESULTS: Subjects who drank were younger than non-drinker controls in both genders (P < 0.01). Alcohol intake was inversely associated with body mass index and body weight in women. Of all macronutrients, carbohydrate intake was the first to decrease with increasing alcohol consumption. In the multivariate analyses, the level of alcohol consumption was found to be an independent predictor associated with lower intake of other macronutrients.
CONCLUSION: Our results show that there is an alteration in the daily dietary pattern with increasing alcohol consumption and that energy derived from alcoholic beverages substitutes that from other macronutrients such as carbohydrate, protein, and fat.
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TL;DR: It is reasonable to say that alcohol intake may be a risk factor for obesity in some individuals, likely based on a multitude of factors, some of which are discussed herein.
Abstract: Recreational alcohol intake is a widespread activity globally and alcohol energy (7 kcal/g) can be a contributing factor to weight gain if not compensated for. Given that both excessive alcohol intake and obesity are of public health interest, the present paper provides an update on the association between alcohol consumption and body weight. In general, recent prospective studies show that light-to-moderate alcohol intake is not associated with adiposity gain while heavy drinking is more consistently related to weight gain. Experimental evidence is also mixed and suggests that moderate intake of alcohol does not lead to weight gain over short follow-up periods. However, many factors can explain the conflicting findings and a better characterization of individuals more likely to gain weight as a result of alcohol consumption is needed. In particular, individuals who frequently drink moderate amounts of alcohol may enjoy a healthier lifestyle in general that may protect them from weight gain. In conclusion, despite the important limitations of current studies, it is reasonable to say that alcohol intake may be a risk factor for obesity in some individuals, likely based on a multitude of factors, some of which are discussed herein.
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Abstract: Acknowledgements The present study was funded by the Food Standards Agency, UK. The Food Standards Agency had no role in the design, analysis or writing of this article. The authors’ responsibilities were as follows: R. J. S., L. M. O’R. and G. W. H. designed the research; L. M. O’R. and Z. F. conducted the research and analysed the data; G. W. H. performed the statistical analyses; P. R. carried out the DLW analysis; R. J. S. had primary responsibility for the final content; R. J. S., L. M. O’R., Z. F., S. W. and M. B. E. L. wrote the paper.
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Cites background or methods or result from "Relationship between alcohol intake..."
...(3) The purpose of the study was to monitor the actual food intake of subjects....
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...However, when the regressions were analysed separately for subjects in positive and negative EB using segmented linear regression, the intercepts of the regression lines were not significantly different from zero for (1) all subjects, (2) male and females, and (3) subjects with a BMI #25 and ....
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...compared, (2) compare in fifty-nine UK adults, food intake using different self-reported measures with the ‘gold standard’, under ad libitum feeding conditions in a laboratory environment specifically designed to monitor the accuracy of reporting of dietary intakes, and (3) examine the effect of self-recording intake on actual feeding behaviour in men and women....
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...Linear regressions, and segmented linear regressions, were carried out to examine the relationship between the average rate of weight change per d and energy difference (intake minus expenditure) for (1) all subjects, (2) male and females, (3) subjects with a BMI #25 and ....
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TL;DR: These mostly moderate drinkers had poorer diets on drinking days, and same-day associations between alcohol and diet could be useful targets for public health efforts to improve dietary intake.
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Cites background from "Relationship between alcohol intake..."
...The majority of studies showed no association between alcohol consumption and higher absolute intakes of total nonalcohol energy with the exception of a U-shaped association in women in one study (5) and a linear trend across drinking levels in men in another study (10)....
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Abstract: Many modifiable lifestyle factors have been associated with colon cancer risk, but less is known about their effect on disease when considered together. Estimating the proportion of colon cancer cases that could be prevented by the adoption of combined modifiable lifestyle behaviors will provide important insights into disease prevention. In the Nurses’ Health Study, we defined a low-risk group according to a combination of six factors: body mass index <25 kg/m2, physical activity of ≥21 metabolic equivalent of task per week, alcohol consumption ≤30 g/day, cigarette smoking <10 pack-years before the age of 30, current use of multivitamins for ≥15 years, and total calcium intake ≥700 mg/day. A composite risk score index was created and the population attributable risk (PAR%) was calculated after accounting for other known risk or protective factors. We documented 1,127 colon cancer cases among 81,092 over 24 years of follow-up. Compared with women in the lowest risk category, the women at all other exposure levels had a hazard ratio of colon cancer of 1.81 (95 % confidence interval 1.15–2.85). The score index was significantly and linearly related to an increasing risk of colon cancer (p value for trend <0.0001). The PAR% of the six risk factors considered together in relation to colon cancer was 0.37 (95 % CI 0.09–0.60). When regular aspirin use (two tablets/week for six or more years) was included with the other low-risk behaviors, the PAR% increased to 0.43 (95 % CI 0.14–0.65). Beyond the known benefit from colonoscopy/sigmoidoscopy, key behavior modifications and adherence to a healthy lifestyle could avoid approximately 37 % of colon cancer cases among women.
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References
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TL;DR: Eating cereal (ready-to-eat or cooked cereal) or quick breads for breakfast is associated with significantly lower body mass index compared to skipping breakfast or eating meats and/or eggs for breakfast, providing evidence that skipping breakfast is not an effective way to manage weight.
Abstract: Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between breakfast type, energy intake and body mass index (BMI). We hypothesized not only that breakfast consumption itself is associated with BMI, but that the type of food eaten at breakfast also affects BMI.Methods: Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), a large, population-based study conducted in the United States from 1988 to 1994, were analyzed for breakfast type, total daily energy intake, and BMI. The analyzed breakfast categories were “Skippers,” “Meat/eggs,” “Ready-to-eat cereal (RTEC),” “Cooked cereal,” “Breads,” “Quick Breads,” “Fruits/vegetables,” “Dairy,” “Fats/sweets,” and “Beverages.” Analysis of covariance was used to estimate adjusted mean body mass index (BMI) and energy intake (kcal) as dependent variables. Covariates included age, gender, race, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity and poverty index ratio.Results: Subjects who ate RTEC, Cooked cereal, or Quick B...
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TL;DR: Calories from alcohol were added to energy intake from other sources in men, and that in women, energy from alcohol intake displaced sucrose, suggesting that the consumption of candy and sugar is inversely related to alcohol intake, raising the possibility that it is related to appetite for alcohol.
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