Relationship between education and dementia: an updated systematic review.
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Cites background from "Relationship between education and ..."
...Potential environmental risk factors for late-onset AD include head injury, low educational levels, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, homocysteinemia, diabetes mellitus, and obesity (Barnes and Yaffe, 2011; Rosendorff et al., 2007; Sharp and Gatz, 2011; Van Den Heuvel et al., 2007)....
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Cites methods from "Relationship between education and ..."
...The most recent review by Sharp and Gatz [23] is also limited in scope and did not use meta-analyses techniques so no pooled estimates of effect are provided....
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References
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Additional excerpts
...In keeping with the observation that differences in level and quality of educational opportunities available to minorities in the older cohorts may change the meaning of education, some researchers have suggested that literacy or reading level may be a better indicator of what education is thought to represent than years of education in minority groups.89 In an entirely African American sample in Indianapolis, Indiana, Hall et al90 found that the combination of low education and rural residence until 19 years of age greatly increased risk for AD....
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...AD: Of the 13 studies that analyzed the relationship between low education and risk for AD, 7 studies reported significant effects such that lower education was associated with an increased risk for AD.54,55,57,66,69,72,83 In contrast, 6 other studies reported no significant relationship.55,65,70,71,74,81 Total Dementia: Of the 15 studies that examined whether low education was associated with an increased risk for Total Dementia, 8 studies reported significant effects for low education on risk for Total Dementia.60,64,67,75–78 In contrast, 7 studies reported no significant association.50–53,77,80,85 Both Outcomes: Of the remaining 14 incidence studies that examined both the dementia outcomes, 7 studies found a significant relationship for both the outcomes,56,59,61–63,79,84 a total of 5 reported no significant relationship for either outcome,16,25,58,68,82 and 2 reported only 1 of the outcomes to be significant (1 AD and 1 Total Dementia).58,73...
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...AD: Of the 13 studies that analyzed the relationship between low education and risk for AD, 7 studies reported significant effects such that lower education was associated with an increased risk for AD.(54,55,57,66,69,72,83) In contrast, 6 other studies reported no significant relationship....
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...Two studies included in this review were conducted in Israel and reported an effect of low education on risk for AD48 and Total Dementia.49 One study conducted in Nigeria, Africa, did not find a significant association between no education and risk for AD.33 Figure 4 illustrates the results across prevalence and incidence studies within each geographical region....
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...Across the 31 European studies, 19 studies reported significant associations between education and a dementia outcome,21–24,26,29,54–64 whereas 12 studies reported no significant association.18–20,25,27,50–53,55,58 Of the 27 North American studies, 17 studies reported significant effects of education on dementia risk,30–34,36,37,66,67,69,72,75–79 whereas 10 studies reported no significant associations.16,34,35,65,68,70,71,73,74,77 Of the 18 studies conducted in Asia, 8 studies reported significant associations between education and a dementia outcome,2,38,41–44,83,84 whereas 10 studies reported no significant associations.15,39,40,45,80–82 Of the 9 Latin American studies, 5 reported significant associations between education and a Total Dementia,45–47 whereas 4 studies reported no significant associations.45,85 No studies in Latin America reported on risk for AD....
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