Relative merits of single-cell, multi-cell and foam-filled thin-walled structures in energy absorption
TL;DR: In this article, the axial crushing of hollow multi-cell columns was studied analytically and numerically, and closed-form solutions were derived to calculate the mean crushing strength of these sections.
Abstract: The axial crushing of hollow multi-cell columns were studied analytically and numerically. A theoretical solution for the mean crushing force of multi-cell sections were derived, and the solution was shown to compare very well with the numerical predictions. Numerical studies were also carried out on foam-filled double-cell and triple-cell columns. Based upon the numerical results, closed-form solutions were derived to calculate the mean crushing strength of these sections. It was found that the interaction effects between the foam core and the column wall contribute to the total crushing resistance by the amounts equal to 140% and 180% of the direct foam resistance for double cell and triple cell respectively. Finally, the relative merits of single-cell, multi-cell and foam-filled sections were discussed.
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TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive overview of the recent developments in the area of crashworthiness performance of thin-walled (TW) tubular components is given with a special focus on the topics that emerged in the last ten years such as crashworthiness optimisation design and energy absorbing responses of unconventional TW components including multi-cells tubes, functionally graded thickness tubes and functionally graded foam filled tubes.
Abstract: Over the past several decades, a noticeable amount of research efforts has been directed to minimising injuries and death to people inside a structure that is subjected to an impact loading. Thin-walled (TW) tubular components have been widely employed in energy absorbing structures to alleviate the detrimental effects of an impact loading during a collision event and thus enhance the crashworthiness performance of a structure. Comprehensive knowledge of the material properties and the structural behaviour of various TW components under various loading conditions is essential for designing an effective energy absorbing system. In this paper, based on a broad survey of the literature, a comprehensive overview of the recent developments in the area of crashworthiness performance of TW tubes is given with a special focus on the topics that emerged in the last ten years such as crashworthiness optimisation design and energy absorbing responses of unconventional TW components including multi-cells tubes, functionally graded thickness tubes and functionally graded foam filled tubes. Due to the huge number of studies that analysed and assessed the energy absorption behaviour of various TW components, this paper presents only a review of the crashworthiness behaviour of the components that can be used in vehicles structures including hollow and foam-filled TW tubes under lateral, axial, oblique and bending loading.
406 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new trigger and multi-cell profiles with four square elements at the corner were developed to improve the crash energy absorption and weight efficiency in terms of energy consumption.
Abstract: New types of trigger and multi-cell profiles with four square elements at the corner are developed. In terms of the crash energy absorption and weight efficiency, the new multi-cell structure shows dramatic improvements over the conventional square box column. The optimization process with the target of maximizing the specific energy absorption has been successfully carried out, and the example of design process is provided. In the optimization process, the problem of stable progressive folding is also addressed. The analytical solution for calculating the mean crushing force of new multi-cell profiles is derived showing good agreement with the numerical results. Finally, the advantage of the new design over the conventional single or multi-cell profiles is discussed.
330 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the quasi-static axial compression tests are carried out for multi-cell columns with different sections and the significant advantage of multicell sections over single cell in energy absorption efficiency is investigated and validated.
Abstract: Multi-cell metal columns were found to be much more efficient in energy absorption than single-cell columns under axial compression. However, the experimental investigations and theoretical analyses of them are relatively few. In this paper, the quasi-static axial compression tests are carried out for multi-cell columns with different sections. The significant advantage of multi-cell sections over single cell in energy absorption efficiency is investigated and validated. Numerical simulations are also conducted to simulate the compression tests and the numerical results show a very good agreement with experiment. Theoretial analyses based on constitutive element method are proposed to predict the crush resistance of multi-cell columns and the theoretical predictions compare very well with the experimental and numerical results.
258 citations
TL;DR: Based on the Super Folding Element theory, a theoretical solution for the mean crushing force of multi-cell sections were derived by dividing the profile into three parts: corner, crisscross, and T-shape as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The axial crushing of square multi-cell columns were studied analytically and numerically. Based on the Super Folding Element theory, a theoretical solution for the mean crushing force of multi-cell sections were derived by dividing the profile into 3 parts: corner, crisscross, and T-shape. Numerical simulations of square multi-cell sections subjected to dynamic axial crushing were conducted and an enhancement coefficient was introduced to account for the inertia effects for aluminum alloy AA6060 T4. The analytical solutions show an excellent agreement with the numerical results. It was found that the crisscross part was the most efficient component for energy absorption and the energy absorption efficiency of a single-cell column can be increased by 50% when the section was divided into 3×3 cells. Finally, the proposed method was extended to analyze the plateau stress of square cell honeycomb subjected to out-plane axial crushing and to some extent validate the mechanical insensitivity of honeycomb to cell size.
256 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a crashworthiness design of the regular hexagonal thin-walled columns for different sectional profiles, and compared the crashworthiness merits of multiply connected (MC) sections of the singly celled configuration and the side-connected section of triply celled configurations.
242 citations
Cites background or methods from "Relative merits of single-cell, mul..."
...configurations, which has been preliminarily developed in the squared profiles in Chen et al. [ 4 ] and Kim [7]....
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...impact occurs. Some design examples of honeycomb structures include the sandwich panels in aircraft [1], energy-absorber in vehicle [2], cellular foam in microstructural materials [3], and the filler in hollow sections [ 4 ]....
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01 Aug 1988TL;DR: The linear elasticity of anisotropic cellular solids is studied in this article. But the authors focus on the design of sandwich panels with foam cores and do not consider the properties of the materials.
Abstract: 1. Introduction 2. The structure of cellular solids 3. Material properties 4. The mechanics of honeycombs 5. The mechanics of foams: basic results 6. The mechanics of foams refinements 7. Thermal, electrical and acoustic properties of foams 8. Energy absorption in cellular materials 9. The design of sandwich panels with foam cores 10. Wood 11. Cancellous bone 12. Cork 13. Sources, suppliers and property data Appendix: the linear-elasticity of anisotropic cellular solids.
8,946 citations
994 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an experimental program consisting of 96 tests was carried out to study the axial deformation behavior of triggered, circular AA6060 aluminium extrusions filled with aluminium foam under both quasistatic and dynamic loading conditions.
587 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive experimental and numerical studies of the crush behavior of aluminum foam-filled sections undergoing axial compressive loading is performed, and the predicted crushing force and fold formation are found to be in good agreement with the experimental results.
561 citations
450 citations