Reliability and current carrying capacity of carbon nanotubes
TL;DR: In this article, the current carrying capacity and reliability of multiwalled carbon nanotubes under high current densities (>109 A/cm2) were investigated and shown that no observable failure in the nanotube structure and no measurable change in the resistance are detected at temperatures up to 250 ˚C and for time scales up to 2 weeks.
Abstract: The current-carrying capacity and reliability studies of multiwalled carbon nanotubes under high current densities (>109 A/cm2) show that no observable failure in the nanotube structure and no measurable change in the resistance are detected at temperatures up to 250 °C and for time scales up to 2 weeks. Our results suggest that nanotubes are potential candidates as interconnects in future large-scale integrated nanoelectronic devices.
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TL;DR: A comprehensive review of current research activities that center on the shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals, including a brief introduction to nucleation and growth within the context of metal Nanocrystal synthesis, followed by a discussion of the possible shapes that aMetal nanocrystal might take under different conditions.
Abstract: Nanocrystals are fundamental to modern science and technology. Mastery over the shape of a nanocrystal enables control of its properties and enhancement of its usefulness for a given application. Our aim is to present a comprehensive review of current research activities that center on the shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals. We begin with a brief introduction to nucleation and growth within the context of metal nanocrystal synthesis, followed by a discussion of the possible shapes that a metal nanocrystal might take under different conditions. We then focus on a variety of experimental parameters that have been explored to manipulate the nucleation and growth of metal nanocrystals in solution-phase syntheses in an effort to generate specific shapes. We then elaborate on these approaches by selecting examples in which there is already reasonable understanding for the observed shape control or at least the protocols have proven to be reproducible and controllable. Finally, we highlight a number of applications that have been enabled and/or enhanced by the shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals. We conclude this article with personal perspectives on the directions toward which future research in this field might take.
4,927 citations
TL;DR: Although not yet providing compelling mechanical strength or electrical or thermal conductivities for many applications, CNT yarns and sheets already have promising performance for applications including supercapacitors, actuators, and lightweight electromagnetic shields.
Abstract: Worldwide commercial interest in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is reflected in a production capacity that presently exceeds several thousand tons per year. Currently, bulk CNT powders are incorporated in diverse commercial products ranging from rechargeable batteries, automotive parts, and sporting goods to boat hulls and water filters. Advances in CNT synthesis, purification, and chemical modification are enabling integration of CNTs in thin-film electronics and large-area coatings. Although not yet providing compelling mechanical strength or electrical or thermal conductivities for many applications, CNT yarns and sheets already have promising performance for applications including supercapacitors, actuators, and lightweight electromagnetic shields.
4,596 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the progress to date in the field of mechanical reinforcement of polymers using nanotubes is presented, and the most promising processing methods for mechanical reinforcement are discussed.
3,770 citations
Cites background from "Reliability and current carrying ca..."
...The absence of scattering means that Joule heating is minimised so that nanotubes can carry very large current densities of up to 100 MA/cm [19]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, an extended account of the various chemical strategies for grafting polymers onto carbon nanotubes and the manufacturing of carbon-nanotube/polymer nanocomposites is given.
2,766 citations
Cites background from "Reliability and current carrying ca..."
...The latter can transport electrons over long lengths without significant interruption which makes them more conductive than copper [4,5]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the recent advances in nanotubes and nanotube-based composite sensors and actuators, with a particular emphasis on their electromechanical behavior is presented.
901 citations
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TL;DR: The nanotubes sensors exhibit a fast response and a substantially higher sensitivity than that of existing solid-state sensors at room temperature and the mechanisms of molecular sensing with nanotube molecular wires are investigated.
Abstract: Chemical sensors based on individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are demonstrated. Upon exposure to gaseous molecules such as NO 2 or NH 3 , the electrical resistance of a semiconducting SWNT is found to dramatically increase or decrease. This serves as the basis for nanotube molecular sensors. The nanotube sensors exhibit a fast response and a substantially higher sensitivity than that of existing solid-state sensors at room temperature. Sensor reversibility is achieved by slow recovery under ambient conditions or by heating to high temperatures. The interactions between molecular species and SWNTs and the mechanisms of molecular sensing with nanotube molecular wires are investigated.
5,908 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the fabrication of a three-terminal switching device at the level of a single molecule represents an important step towards molecular electronics and has attracted much interest, particularly because it could lead to new miniaturization strategies in the electronics and computer industry.
Abstract: The use of individual molecules as functional electronic devices was first proposed in the 1970s (ref 1) Since then, molecular electronics2,3 has attracted much interest, particularly because it could lead to conceptually new miniaturization strategies in the electronics and computer industry The realization of single-molecule devices has remained challenging, largely owing to difficulties in achieving electrical contact to individual molecules Recent advances in nanotechnology, however, have resulted in electrical measurements on single molecules4,5,6,7 Here we report the fabrication of a field-effect transistor—a three-terminal switching device—that consists of one semiconducting8,9,10 single-wall carbon nanotube11,12 connected to two metal electrodes By applying a voltage to a gate electrode, the nanotube can be switched from a conducting to an insulating state We have previously reported5 similar behaviour for a metallic single-wall carbon nanotube operated at extremely low temperatures The present device, in contrast, operates at room temperature, thereby meeting an important requirement for potential practical applications Electrical measurements on the nanotube transistor indicate that its operation characteristics can be qualitatively described by the semiclassical band-bending models currently used for traditional semiconductor devices The fabrication of the three-terminal switching device at the level of a single molecule represents an important step towards molecular electronics
5,258 citations
NEC1
TL;DR: It is predicted that carbon microtubules exhibit striking variations in electronic transport, from metallic to semiconducting with narrow and moderate band gaps, depending on the diameter of the tubule and on the degree of helical arrangement of the carbon hexagons.
Abstract: On the basis of realistic tight-binding band-structure calculations, we predict that carbon microtubules exhibit striking variations in electronic transport, from metallic to semiconducting with narrow and moderate band gaps, depending on the diameter of the tubule and on the degree of helical arrangement of the carbon hexagons. The origin of this drastic variation in the band structure is explained in terms of the two-dimensional band structure of graphite.
2,954 citations
TL;DR: In this article, electrical transport measurements on individual single-wall nanotubes have been performed to confirm the theoretical predictions of single-walled nanotube quantum wires, and they have been shown to act as genuine quantum wires.
Abstract: Carbon nanotubes have been regarded since their discovery1 as potential molecular quantum wires. In the case of multi-wall nanotubes, where many tubes are arranged in a coaxial fashion, the electrical properties of individual tubes have been shown to vary strongly from tube to tube2,3, and to be characterized by disorder and localization4. Single-wall nanotubes5,6 (SWNTs) have recently been obtained with high yields and structural uniformity7. Particular varieties of these highly symmetric structures have been predicted to be metallic, with electrical conduction occurring through only two electronic modes8–10. Because of the structural symmetry and stiffness of SWNTs, their molecular wavefunctions may extend over the entire tube. Here we report electrical transport measurements on individual single-wall nanotubes that confirm these theoretical predictions. We find that SWNTs indeed act as genuine quantum wires. Electrical conduction seems to occur through well separated, discrete electron states that are quantum-mechanically coherent over long distance, that is at least from contact to contact (140nm). Data in a magnetic field indicate shifting of these states due to the Zeeman effect.
2,678 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reported four-probe measurements on single nanotubes made by lithographic deposition of tungsten leads across the tubes and found that each multi-shell nanotube has unique conductivity properties.
Abstract: THE interest in carbon nanotubes has been greatly stimulated by theoretical predictions that their electronic properties are strongly modulated by small structural variations1–8. In particular, the diameter and the helicity of carbon atoms in the nanotube shell are believed to determine whether the nanotube is metallic or a semiconductor. Because of the enormous technical challenge of making measurements on individual nanotubes, however, experimental studies have been limited mainly to bulk measurements9, which indicate only that a fraction of the nanotubes are metallic or narrow-band semiconductors10. Recently, measurements of the magneto-conductance of a single multi-shell nanotube in a two-probe configuration showed that the transport is characterized by disorder and localization phenomena11. To avoid possible ambiguities due to poor sample contacts, four-probe measurements are needed. Here we report four-probe measurements on single nanotubes made by lithographic deposition of tungsten leads across the tubes. We find that each multi-shell nanotube has unique conductivity properties. Both metallic and non-metallic behaviour are observed, as well as abrupt jumps in conductivity as the temperature is varied. The differences between the electrical properties of different nanotubes are far greater than expected. Our results suggest that differences in geometry play a profound part in determining the electronic behaviour.
2,421 citations