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Reliability Evaluation of Engineering Systems
01 Jan 1983-
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Abstract: The first € price and the £ and $ price are net prices, subject to local VAT. Prices indicated with * include VAT for books; the €(D) includes 7% for Germany, the €(A) includes 10% for Austria. Prices indicated with ** include VAT for electronic products; 19% for Germany, 20% for Austria. All prices exclusive of carriage charges. Prices and other details are subject to change without notice. All errors and omissions excepted. R. Billinton, R.N. Allan Reliability Evaluation of Engineering Systems
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TL;DR: It is argued that species redundancy should be perceived as a critical feature of ecosystems which must be preserved if ecosystems are to function reliably and provide us with goods and services.
Abstract: The concept of species redundancy in ecosystem processes is troublesome because it appears to con- tradict the traditional emphasis in ecology on species singularity. When species richness is high, however, eco- system processes seem clearly insensitive to considerable variation in biodiversity. Some elementary princi- ples from reliability engineering, where engineered redundancy is a valued part of systems design, suggest that we should rethink our stance on species redundancy. For example, a central tenet of reliability engineer- ing is that reliability always increases as redundant components are added to a system, a principle that di- rectly supports redundant species as guarantors of reliable ecosystem functioning. I argue that we should em- brace species redundancy and perceive redundancy as a critical feature of ecosystems which must be preserved if ecosystems are to function reliably and provide us with goods and services. My argument is de- rived from basic principles of reliability engineering which demonstrate that the probability of reliable sys- tem performance is closely tied to the level of engineered redundancy in its design. Empirical demonstrations of the value of species redundancy in ecosystem reliability would provide new insights into the ecology of communities and the value of species conservation.
775 citations
Cites background from "Reliability Evaluation of Engineeri..."
...I introduce a novel way of considering the relationship between biotic diversity and ecosystem functioning that is based on simple concepts from reliability engineering (Billinton & Allan 1983; Dhillon 1983; Lewis 1987)....
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...Such redundancy is known in engineering as parallel redundancy (Billinton & Allan 1983; Dhillon 1983; Lewis 1987) and is schematized in Fig....
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TL;DR: An architectural framework for resilience and survivability in communication networks is provided and a survey of the disciplines that resilience encompasses is provided, along with significant past failures of the network infrastructure.
698 citations
TL;DR: This paper presents a time sequential Monte Carlo simulation technique which can be used in complex distribution system evaluation, and describes a computer program developed to implement this technique.
Abstract: Analytical techniques for distribution system reliability assessment can be effectively used to evaluate the mean values of a wide range of system reliability indices. This approach is usually used when teaching the basic concepts of distribution system reliability evaluation. The mean or expected value, however, does not provide any information on the inherent variability of an index. Appreciation of this inherent variability is an important parameter in comprehending the actual reliability experienced by a customer and should be recognized when teaching distribution system reliability evaluation. This paper presents a time sequential Monte Carlo simulation technique which can be used in complex distribution system evaluation, and describes a computer program developed to implement this technique. General distribution system elements, operating models and radial configurations are considered in the program. The results obtained using both analytical and simulation methods are compared. The mean values and the probability distributions for both load point and system indices are illustrated using a practical test system.
341 citations
Cites background or methods from "Reliability Evaluation of Engineeri..."
...In a time sequential simulation, an artificial history that shows the up and down times of the system elements is generated in chronological order using random number generators and the probability distributions of the element failure and restoration parameters [ 3 ]....
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...The basic concepts of Monte Carlo simulation are covered in [ 3 ] and extended to electric power systems in [l, 21. A number of papers have been published [5, 8, 91 on the application of Monte Carlo simulation in the reliability evaluation of generating systems, transmission systems, substations and switching stations....
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...Monte Carlo simulation [1,2, 3 ] a viable technique for many power system reliability applications [2,5]....
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TL;DR: The main finding is that a span-restorable mesh network can be extremely robust under dual-failure events against which they are not specifically designed.
Abstract: The most common aim in designing a survivable network is to achieve restorability against all single span failures, with a minimal investment in spare capacity. This leaves dual-failure situations as the main factor to consider in quantifying how the availability of services benefit from the investment in restorability. We approach the question in part with a theoretical framework and in part with a series of computational routing trials. The computational part of the analysis includes all details of graph topology, capacity distribution, and the details of the restoration process, effects that were generally subject to significant approximations in prior work. The main finding is that a span-restorable mesh network can be extremely robust under dual-failure events against which they are not specifically designed. In a modular-capacity environment, an adaptive restoration process was found to restore as much as 95% of failed capacity on average over all dual-failure scenarios, even though the network was designed with minimal spare capacity to assure only single-failure restorability. The results also imply that for a priority service class, mesh networks could provide even higher availability than dedicated 1+1 APS. This is because there are almost no dual-failure scenarios for which some partial restoration level is not possible, whereas with 1+1 APS (or rings) there are an assured number of dual-failure scenarios for which the path restorability is zero. Results suggest conservatively that 20% or more of the paths in a mesh network could enjoy this ultra-high availability service by assigning fractional recovery capacity preferentially to those paths upon a dual failure scenario.
269 citations
Cites background from "Reliability Evaluation of Engineeri..."
...Reliability is the probability that a system or component will operate without any service-affecting failure for a period of time . Reliability is a monotonically decreasing probability function of time, [ 4 ], [5], and a specific reliability number always implies an assumed duration of time....
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...1As opposed to the specific technical meaning of the term reliability in the fields of reliability engineering [ 4 ], [5] and network reliabilityin computational graph theory [6]‐[8]....
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01 Feb 2000
TL;DR: In this article, a review of existing approaches and how these may be used and/or adapted to suit the needs and the required indexes of the new competitive industry and the different parties associated with it is presented.
Abstract: Reliability is an important issue in power systems and historically has been assessed using deterministic criteria and indexes. However, these approaches can be, and in many cases have been, replaced by probabilistic methods that are able to respond to the actual stochastic factors that influence the reliability of the system. In the days of global, completely integrated and/or nationalized electricity supply industries, the only significant objective was the reliability seen by actual end users. Also, the system was structured in a relatively simple way such that generation, transmission, and distribution could be assessed as a series of sequential hierarchical levels. Failures at any level could cause interruptions of supply to the end user. All planning and operational criteria were intended to minimize such interruptions within economic limits. The system has been, or is being, restructured and now many individual parties are involved, often competitively, including generators, network owners, network operators, energy suppliers, regulators, as well as the end users. Each of these parties has a need to know the quality and performance of the system sector or subsector for which they are responsible. Therefore, there is now a need for a range of reliability measures; the actual measure(s) needed varying between the different system parties. This paper addresses these issues and, in particular, reviews existing approaches and how these may be used and/or adapted to suit the needs and the required indexes of the new competitive industry and the different parties associated with it.
261 citations