Remediation of Cadmium-Contaminated Soil Using Biochar Derived from Wheat Straw, Rice Husk and Bagasse
01 Jan 2021-Vol. 134, pp 117-126
TL;DR: In this paper, a substance called biochar was synthesized from wheat straw, rice husk and bagasse, which was then heated to temperatures ranging from 300 to 700 °C using the process of slow pyrolysis, in an environment in which the oxygen supply was limited.
Abstract: Improper waste disposal has resulted in rapid deterioration of the environment and the advent of fatal diseases. Carcinogenic substances that percolate into the ground deteriorate the quality of groundwater and soil. Moreover, pollution from large-scale burning of agricultural waste each time after the harvest season makes the goal of a healthy environment of utmost importance. Toxins, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metal contaminants, have several pathways to enter into the environment and bio-accumulate within living organisms. The objective of this study is to synthesise a substance that will break the source-receptor pathway resulting in cleaner water and soil. Biochar, through ion exchange or physical adsorption, has the capacity to adsorb heavy metal ions such as those of cadmium. The biochar was synthesised from biomass consisting of wheat straw, rice husk and bagasse. The biomass was then heated to temperatures ranging from 300 to 700 °C using the process of slow pyrolysis, in an environment in which the oxygen supply was limited. The samples were then subjected to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to ascertain the functional groups present followed by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the elements or form of metal oxides present in the samples. The samples were mixed with a known amount of cadmium solution, and the final testing was performed using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The final testing directly showed the heavy metal ion adsorption efficiencies of biochar derived from different types of biomass, giving an insight into the future scope of using biochar has a remediating agent
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4,631 citations
TL;DR: Specific mechanisms of contaminant-biochar retention and release over time and the environmental impact of biochar amendments on soil organisms remain somewhat unclear but must be investigated to ensure that the management of environmental pollution coincides with ecological sustainability.
1,289 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a selection of organic wastes with different characteristics (e.g., rice husk (RH), rice straw (RS), wood chips of apple tree (Malus pumila) (AB), and oak tree (Quercus serrata) (OB)) were pyrolyzed at different temperatures (400, 500, 600, 700, and 800 °C) in order to optimize the physicochemical properties of biochar as a soil amendment.
Abstract: . Biochar is widely recognized as an efficient tool for carbon sequestration and soil fertility. The understanding of its chemical and physical properties, which are strongly related to the type of the initial material used and pyrolysis conditions, is crucial to identify the most suitable application of biochar in soil. A selection of organic wastes with different characteristics (e.g., rice husk (RH), rice straw (RS), wood chips of apple tree (Malus pumila) (AB), and oak tree (Quercus serrata) (OB)) were pyrolyzed at different temperatures (400, 500, 600, 700, and 800 °C) in order to optimize the physicochemical properties of biochar as a soil amendment. Low-temperature pyrolysis produced high biochar yields; in contrast, high-temperature pyrolysis led to biochars with a high C content, large surface area, and high adsorption characteristics. Biochar obtained at 600 °C leads to a high recalcitrant character, whereas that obtained at 400 °C retains volatile and easily labile compounds. The biochar obtained from rice materials (RH and RS) showed a high yield and unique chemical properties because of the incorporation of silica elements into its chemical structure. The biochar obtained from wood materials (AB and OB) showed high carbon content and a high absorption character.
543 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that biochar can be used under conditions where NH4 +-N (or NH3) pollution is a concern, but further research is needed in terms of applying biochars to reduce NO3 −-N pollution.
Abstract: Biochar produced by pyrolysis of biomass can be used to counter nitrogen (N) pollution. The present study investigated the effects of feedstock and temperature on characteristics of biochars and their adsorption ability for ammonium N (NH4+-N) and nitrate N (NO3−-N). Twelve biochars were produced from wheat-straw (W-BC), corn-straw (C-BC) and peanut-shell (P-BC) at pyrolysis temperatures of 400, 500, 600 and 700°C. Biochar physical and chemical properties were determined and the biochars were used for N sorption experiments. The results showed that biochar yield and contents of N, hydrogen and oxygen decreased as pyrolysis temperature increased from 400°C to 700°C, whereas contents of ash, pH and carbon increased with greater pyrolysis temperature. All biochars could sorb substantial amounts of NH4+-N, and the sorption characteristics were well fitted to the Freundlich isotherm model. The ability of biochars to adsorb NH4+-N followed: C-BC>P-BC>W-BC, and the adsorption amount decreased with higher pyrolysis temperature. The ability of C-BC to sorb NH4+-N was the highest because it had the largest cation exchange capacity (CEC) among all biochars (e.g., C-BC400 with a CEC of 38.3 cmol kg−1 adsorbed 2.3 mg NH4+-N g−1 in solutions with 50 mg NH4+ L−1). Compared with NH4+-N, none of NO3−-N was adsorbed to biochars at different NO3− concentrations. Instead, some NO3−-N was even released from the biochar materials. We conclude that biochars can be used under conditions where NH4+-N (or NH3) pollution is a concern, but further research is needed in terms of applying biochars to reduce NO3−-N pollution.
447 citations
TL;DR: Slow pyrolysis at 600 °C was undertaken to determine how yields and characteristics of biochars differ when produced from eight different agricultural residues, finding that biochar macronutrient content was low in comparison to biochar produced from more nutrient rich feedstocks.
273 citations