Remediation of dyes in textile effluent: a critical review on current treatment technologies with a proposed alternative
TL;DR: The current available technologies are reviewed and an effective, cheaper alternative for dye removal and decolourisation applicable on large scale is suggested.
About: This article is published in Bioresource Technology.The article was published on 2001-05-01. It has received 4772 citations till now.
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TL;DR: It is evident from a literature survey of about 210 recent papers that low-cost sorbents have demonstrated outstanding removal capabilities for certain dyes, and chitosan might be a promising adsorbent for environmental and purification purposes.
3,906 citations
Cites background from "Remediation of dyes in textile effl..."
...The technologies can be divided into three categories: biological, chemical and physical (Robinson et al., 2001)....
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...Several biosorption processes have also been developed, patented and introduced for application in removing contaminants from waters (Aksu, 2005; Aksu and Tezer, 2005; Pokhrel and Viraraghavan, 2004; Fu and Viraraghavan, 2002a, 2001a; Robinson et al., 2001)....
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...Biosorption is a promising potential alternative to conventional processes for the removal of dyes (Aksu, 2005; Aksu and Tezer, 2005; Fu and Viraraghavan, 2002a, 2001a; Robinson et al., 2001)....
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...Biological treatment is incapable of obtaining satisfactory color elimination with current conventional biodegradation processes (Robinson et al., 2001)....
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...The presence of very small amounts of dyes in water (less than 1 ppm for some dyes) is highly visible and undesirable (Robinson et al., 2001; Banat et al., 1996)....
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TL;DR: From a comprehensive literature review, it was found that some LCAs, in addition to having wide availability, have fast kinetics and appreciable adsorption capacities too.
3,163 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the electrochemical methods used at lab and pilot plant scale to decontaminate synthetic and real effluents containing dyes, considering the period from 2009 to 2013, as an update of our previous review up to 2008.
Abstract: As the environment preservation gradually becomes a matter of major social concern and more strict legislation is being imposed on effluent discharge, more effective processes are required to deal with non-readily biodegradable and toxic pollutants. Synthetic organic dyes in industrial effluents cannot be destroyed in conventional wastewater treatment and consequently, an urgent challenge is the development of new environmentally benign technologies able to mineralize completely these non-biodegradable compounds. This review aims to increase the knowledge on the electrochemical methods used at lab and pilot plant scale to decontaminate synthetic and real effluents containing dyes, considering the period from 2009 to 2013, as an update of our previous review up to 2008. Fundamentals and main applications of electrochemical advanced oxidation processes and the other electrochemical approaches are described. Typical methods such as electrocoagulation, electrochemical reduction, electrochemical oxidation and indirect electro-oxidation with active chlorine species are discussed. Recent advances on electrocatalysis related to the nature of anode material to generate strong heterogeneous OH as mediated oxidant of dyes in electrochemical oxidation are extensively examined. The fast destruction of dyestuffs mediated with electrogenerated active chlorine is analyzed. Electro-Fenton and photo-assisted electrochemical methods like photoelectrocatalysis and photoelectro-Fenton, which destroy dyes by heterogeneous OH and/or homogeneous OH produced in the solution bulk, are described. Current advantages of the exposition of effluents to sunlight in the emerging photo-assisted procedures of solar photoelectrocatalysis and solar photoelectro-Fenton are detailed. The characteristics of novel combined methods involving photocatalysis, adsorption, nanofiltration, microwaves and ultrasounds among others and the use of microbial fuel cells are finally discussed.
3,112 citations
TL;DR: An extensive list of various adsorbents such as natural materials, waste materials from industry, agricultural by-products, and biomass based activated carbon in the removal of various dyes has been compiled here.
2,979 citations
Cites background from "Remediation of dyes in textile effl..."
...Azo dyes are toxic because of the presence of toxic amines in the effluent [39]....
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...Similarly anthraquinonebased dyes are most resistant to degradation and remains colour for a large time in effluents [39]....
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TL;DR: Electro-Fenton (EF) Process 6585 4.2.1.
Abstract: 2.2. Fenton’s Chemistry 6575 2.2.1. Origins 6575 2.2.2. Fenton Process 6575 2.3. Photo-Fenton Process 6577 3. H2O2 Electrogeneration for Water Treatment 6577 3.1. Fundamentals 6578 3.2. Cathode Materials 6579 3.3. Divided Cells 6580 3.4. Undivided Cells 6583 4. Electro-Fenton (EF) Process 6585 4.1. Origins 6585 4.2. Fundamentals of EF for Water Remediation 6586 4.2.1. Cell Configuration 6586 4.2.2. Cathodic Fe2+ Regeneration 6586 4.2.3. Anodic Generation of Heterogeneous Hydroxyl Radical 6587
2,652 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review of biological decolorization of dyes used in textile industries and report on progress and limitations is presented, where the ability of microorganisms to carry out dye decolorisation has received much attention.
1,915 citations
1,862 citations
TL;DR: A survey of the most widely used and, according to many researchers, the most promising textile wastewaters decoloration methods is presented in this paper, where data on decolloration rates of different dye classes, obtained by means of different methods is gathered.
957 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of colour in textile effluents, the different classes of dyes available and their contribution to the problem are examined with particular reference to reactive azo dyes used in cotton processing.
Abstract: This paper aims to review the problem of colour in textile effluents, the different classes of dyes available and their contribution to the problem. Through new regulations, pressure is being placed on water companies all over the world to reduce the amount of colour in sewage effluent. Dyes exhibit low toxicity to mammals and aquatic organisms and therefore colour consents are normally applied for aesthetic and industrial reasons rather than for prevention of toxicity. The absorbance, ADMI values and concentrations of dyes in effluent are examined here with particular reference to reactive azo dyes used in cotton processing. Colour consents, the problem of colour in textile wastewaters and the importance for research in this area are also discussed. Dye concentrations of 0.01 g dm−3 up to 0.25 g dm−3 have been cited as being present in dyehouse effluent, depending on the dyes and processes used. ADMI values ranged from 50 to 3890 units for the dyeing of cotton. It was concluded that 1500 ADMI units was a reasonable value to aim for when simulating coloured effluents. Simulated textile effluents may be used for research purposes. These should resemble real wastes as closely as possible, but it is often difficult to replicate the ADMI values, absorbance and spectra of real effluents. The concentrations of dye used in simulated effluents examined in literature varied from 0.01 g dm−3 to 7 g dm−3. As absorbance and ADMI values change with the types of dye used, it is difficult to relate these values to dye concentrations. A concentration of 0.18 g dm−3 of a Red or Yellow dye or 0.43 g dm−3 of a blue dye would provide an ADMI of approximately 1500 units and fits within the range of dye concentrations presented in literature. A dye mixture simulating colour in a real textile effluent is suggested and some limitations of simulating actual wastewaters discussed.
© 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
864 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, three agricultural residues, wheat straw, wood chips and corn-cob shreds, were tested for their ability to adsorb individual dyes and dye mixtures in solutions.
605 citations