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Removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous system by ion-exchange and biosorption methods

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TLDR
In this paper, the technical feasibility of biosorption and ion exchange methods for the removal of various heavy metals from the aqueous media is reviewed, where chemical pretreatment of low-cost biosorbents are presented.
Abstract
Pollution due to heavy metals is currently a serious problems affecting water bodies. The removal of heavy metals is of great concern due to their toxicity at trace levels and accumulation in the biosystem. Here we review the technical feasibility of biosorption and ion exchange methods for the removal of various heavy metals from the aqueous media. Chemical pretreatment of low-cost biosorbents are presented. Chemically modified biosorbents exhibit far better adsorption capacities than unmodified ones. We also highlighted the effect of pH on the biosorption for maximal uptake of heavy metals, because pH modifies the surface charge of the biosorbent as well as the speciation of heavy metals.

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Citations
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Detection and removal of heavy metal ions: a review

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Heavy metal water pollution: A fresh look about hazards, novel and conventional remediation methods

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Removal of chromium from wastewater by membrane filtration, chemical precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption electrocoagulation, electrochemical reduction, electrodialysis, electrodeionization, photocatalysis and nanotechnology: a review

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Technological trends in heavy metals removal from industrial wastewater: A review

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors have reviewed efforts and technological advances achieved so far in the pursuit of more efficient removal and recovery of heavy metals from industrial wastewaters and have evaluated their efficiency dependence on various parameters such as pH, temperature & initial dosing.
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Critical review on hazardous pollutants in water environment: Occurrence, monitoring, fate, removal technologies and risk assessment.

TL;DR: In this article, the occurrences and fate of hazardous contaminants (dyes, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, heavy metals, fertilizer and pesticides) found in wastewater effluents are reviewed.
References
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Arsenic removal from water/wastewater using adsorbents—A critical review

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Physico-chemical treatment techniques for wastewater laden with heavy metals

TL;DR: In this article, the technical applicability of various physico-chemical treatments for the removal of heavy metals such as Cd(II), Cr(III, Cr(VI), Cu(II, Ni(II) and Zn(II).
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Toxicity of lead: A review with recent updates.

TL;DR: A comprehensive account of recent updates describing health effects of lead exposure, relevant biomarkers and mechanisms involved in lead toxicity, and updates the readers about recent advances in chelation therapy and newer therapeutic strategies, like nanoencapsulation, to treat lead induced toxic manifestations are provided.
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The hydrothermal synthesis of zeolites: precursors, intermediates and reaction mechanism

TL;DR: An account of the mechanistic aspects of hydrothermal zeolite synthesis can be found in this paper, where a review of the most probable mechanistic pathways in Zeolite formation is given.
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How different pH affects heavy metal ion adsorption?

Different pH levels can affect heavy metal ion adsorption by modifying the surface charge of the biosorbent and the speciation of the metal ions.