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Journal ArticleDOI

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS): The ubiquitous system for homeostasis and pathologies.

TL;DR: Important facets of RAAS are discussed, its crosstalk with other crucial factors like estrogen, thyroid, cortisol, kallikrein-kinin system, Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and sodium-potassium pump, which can contribute to better management of an array of pathologies plaguing mankind.
About: This article is published in Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.The article was published on 2017-10-01. It has received 330 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Angiotensin II & Renin–angiotensin system.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein, which binds to ACE2, is a potential target for developing specific drugs, antibodies, and vaccines and Restoring the balance between the RAS and ACE2/angiotensin-(1–7)/MAS may help attenuate organ injuries.
Abstract: An outbreak of pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that started in Wuhan, China, at the end of 2019 has become a global pandemic. Both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV enter host cells via the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which is expressed in various human organs. We have reviewed previously published studies on SARS and recent studies on SARS-CoV-2 infection, named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO), confirming that many other organs besides the lungs are vulnerable to the virus. ACE2 catalyzes angiotensin II conversion to angiotensin-(1–7), and the ACE2/angiotensin-(1–7)/MAS axis counteracts the negative effects of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which plays important roles in maintaining the physiological and pathophysiological balance of the body. In addition to the direct viral effects and inflammatory and immune factors associated with COVID-19 pathogenesis, ACE2 downregulation and the imbalance between the RAS and ACE2/angiotensin-(1–7)/MAS after infection may also contribute to multiple organ injury in COVID-19. The SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein, which binds to ACE2, is a potential target for developing specific drugs, antibodies, and vaccines. Restoring the balance between the RAS and ACE2/angiotensin-(1–7)/MAS may help attenuate organ injuries. SARS-CoV-2 enters lung cells via the ACE2 receptor. The cell-free and macrophage-phagocytosed virus can spread to other organs and infect ACE2-expressing cells at local sites, causing multi-organ injury.

746 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This comprehensive review on the current understanding of macular edema and its mechanisms opens perspectives to identify new preventive and therapeutic strategies for this sight-threatening condition.

380 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The expression and activity of ACE2 is summarized in various physiological and pathological conditions, and its potential implication in the susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the progression and prognosis of COVID-19 patients is discussed in the current review.

282 citations


Cites background from "Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS..."

  • ...The homeostasis of RAS is critical for the physiological and pathological regulation in various organs, including the heart, kidneys, and lungs [1]....

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  • ...The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) maintains the homeostasis of blood pressure and the balance of fluid and salts [1]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A holistic review with multiple hypotheses might facilitate to devise better PCOS management approaches.

242 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Practical algorithms for the optimal diagnostic, treatment and follow-up strategy are presented, while an individualized approach is emphasized.
Abstract: Hypokalemia is a common electrolyte disturbance, especially in hospitalized patients. It can have various causes, including endocrine ones. Sometimes, hypokalemia requires urgent medical attention. The aim of this review is to present updated information regarding: (1) the definition and prevalence of hypokalemia, (2) the physiology of potassium homeostasis, (3) the various causes leading to hypokalemia, (4) the diagnostic steps for the assessment of hypokalemia and (5) the appropriate treatment of hypokalemia depending on the cause. Practical algorithms for the optimal diagnostic, treatment and follow-up strategy are presented, while an individualized approach is emphasized.

164 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The most recent advances in understanding of these Wnt signaling pathways are summarized and the role of these pathways in regulating key events during embryonic patterning and morphogenesis is summarized.
Abstract: The Wnt signaling pathway is an ancient and evolutionarily conserved pathway that regulates crucial aspects of cell fate determination, cell migration, cell polarity, neural patterning and organogenesis during embryonic development. The Wnts are secreted glycoproteins and comprise a large family of nineteen proteins in humans hinting to a daunting complexity of signaling regulation, function and biological output. To date major signaling branches downstream of the Fz receptor have been identified including a canonical or Wnt/beta-catenin dependent pathway and the non-canonical or beta-catenin-independent pathway which can be further divided into the Planar Cell Polarity and the Wnt/Ca(2+) pathways, and these branches are being actively dissected at the molecular and biochemical levels. In this review, we will summarize the most recent advances in our understanding of these Wnt signaling pathways and the role of these pathways in regulating key events during embryonic patterning and morphogenesis.

1,256 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Ebola virus infections are characterised by immune suppression and a systemic inflammatory response that causes impairment of the vascular, coagulation, and immune systems, leading to multiorgan failure and shock, and thus, in some ways, resembling septic shock.

1,236 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder in which prevalence has been increasing steadily all over the world and the number of people affected expected to double in the next decade due to increase in ageing population, thereby adding to the already existing burden for healthcare providers, especially in poorly developed countries.
Abstract: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder in which prevalence has been increasing steadily all over the world. As a result of this trend, it is fast becoming an epidemic in some countries of the world with the number of people affected expected to double in the next decade due to increase in ageing population, thereby adding to the already existing burden for healthcare providers, especially in poorly developed countries. This review is based on a search of Medline, the Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews, and citation lists of relevant publications. Subject heading and key words used include type 2 diabetes mellitus, prevalence, current diagnosis, and current treatment. Only articles in English were included. Screening and diagnosis is still based on World Health Organization (WHO) and American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria which include both clinical and laboratory parameters. No cure has yet been found for the disease; however, treatment modalities include lifestyle modifications, treatment of obesity, oral hypoglycemic agents, and insulin sensitizers like metformin, a biguanide that reduces insulin resistance, is still the recommended first line medication especially for obese patients. Other effective medications include non-sulfonylurea secretagogues, thiazolidinediones, alpha glucosidase inhibitors, and insulin. Recent research into the pathophysiology of type 2 DM has led to the introduction of new medications like glucagon-like peptide 1 analogoues: dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors, inhibitors of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 and 11s-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1, insulin-releasing glucokinase activators and pancreatic-G-protein-coupled fatty-acid-receptor agonists, glucagon-receptor antagonists, metabolic inhibitors of hepatic glucose output and quick-release bromocriptine. Inhaled insulin was licensed for use in 2006 but has been withdrawn from the market because of low patronage.

982 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Therapeutic approaches that target more complete inhibition of the RAAS may offer additional clinical benefits for patients with cardiovascular and renal disorders and new therapeutic modalities such as direct renin inhibition with aliskiren, recently approved for the treatment of hypertension.
Abstract: BAckgRound : The renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) is a hormonal cascade that functions in the homeostatic control of arterial pressure, tissue perfusion, and extracellular volume. dysregulation of the RAAS plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and renal disorders. oBjec TIve S: To review the role of the RAAS in the development of hypertensive cardiovascular disease and related conditions and provide an overview of the classes of pharmacologic agents that inhibit this system. ReSulTS : The RAAS is initiated by the regulated secretion of renin, the rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of angiotensin (Ang) I from the n-terminus of angiotensinogen. Ang I is in turn hydrolyzed by angiotensin-converting enzyme (A ce) to form Ang II, a potent vasocon strictor and the primary active product of the RAAS. Recent evidence has suggested that other metabolites of Ang I and II may have biological activity, particularly in tissues. development of agents that block the RAAS (e.g., beta blockers, A ce inhibitors [A ceIs], and angiotensin receptor blockers [ARBs]) began as a therapeutic strategy to treat hypertension. Preclinical and clinical studies have indicated important additional cardiovascular and renal therapeutic benefits of A ceIs and ARBs. However, blockade of the RAAS with these agents is incomplete. conclu SIon : Therapeutic approaches that target more complete inhibition of the RAAS may offer additional clinical benefits for patients with cardio vascular and renal disorders. These approaches may include dual blockade using A ceIs and ARBs in combination, or new therapeutic modalities such as direct renin inhibition with aliskiren, recently approved for the treatment of hypertension.

671 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that renin upregulates MC TGF-beta1 through a receptor-mediated mechanism, independent of Ang II generation or action, and may contribute to renal fibrotic disease, particularly when therapeutic Ang II blockade elevates plasma renin.

429 citations

Related Papers (5)
Trending Questions (2)
How does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contribute to chronic inflammation?

The paper does not specifically mention how the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to chronic inflammation. The paper primarily focuses on the role of RAAS in maintaining homeostasis and its involvement in various pathologies.

Does magnesium deficiency affect the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?

The paper does not mention anything about the effect of magnesium deficiency on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).