Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches
Citations
990 citations
Cites background or methods from "Research Design: Qualitative, Quant..."
...Interpretive methodology is directed at understanding phenomenon from an individual’s perspective, investigating interaction among individuals as well as the historical and cultural contexts which people inhabit (Creswell, 2009, p. 8)....
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...Individual constructs are elicited and understood through interaction between researchers and participants (Guba & Lincon, 1994, p. 111) with participants being relied on as much as possible (Creswell, 2009, p. 8)....
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...Positivists attempt to identify causes which influence outcomes (Creswell, 2009, p. 7)....
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...Furthermore, as knowledge is tentative, hypotheses are not proved but simply not rejected (Creswell, 2009, p. 7)....
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...Consequently, participants are involved in the research process, for example designing questions, collecting data, analyzing information and benefiting from research (Creswell, 2009, p. 9)....
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809 citations
Cites background or methods from "Research Design: Qualitative, Quant..."
...Positivists believe that different researchers observing the same factual problem will generate a similar result by carefully using statistical tests and applying a similar research process in investigating a large sample (Creswell 2009)....
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...Some writers (e.g. Berry and Otley 2004; Creswell 2009; Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill 2009; Neuman 2011) emphasise that it is important to initially question the research paradigm to be applied in conducting research because it substantially influences how one undertake a social study from the way of framing and understanding social phenomena....
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...Some writers (e.g. Berry and Otley 2004; Creswell 2009; Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill 2009; Neuman 2011) emphasise that it is important to initially question the research paradigm to be applied in conducting research because it substantially influences how one undertake a social study from the way…...
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456 citations
Cites background or methods from "Research Design: Qualitative, Quant..."
...Creswell (2003) advised researchers to “Use open-ended questions without reference to the literature or theory unless otherwise indicated by a qualitative strategy of inquiry” (p. 107)....
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...This ‘meaning unit’ help transform and transfer the ‘lived experiences’ of the research participants into a sensitive psychological expressions, so that these experiences (‘essences’) can be written in a more reflective and descriptive manner (cited in Creswell, 2013). Another phenomenology theorist and author is Riemen (1986). This author has written mostly in the medical field, especially in the area of caring, nursing....
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...This ‘meaning unit’ help transform and transfer the ‘lived experiences’ of the research participants into a sensitive psychological expressions, so that these experiences (‘essences’) can be written in a more reflective and descriptive manner (cited in Creswell, 2013). Another phenomenology theorist and author is Riemen (1986). This author has written mostly in the medical field, especially in the area of caring, nursing. However, in order to develop a method of analysis for phenomenology, according to Creswell (2013, p. 194), Riemen formulated the ‘meaning statements’ from the significant statements in her “study of caring by patients and their nurses, she presents significant statements of caring and non-caring interactions for both males and females.” Additionally, as a way for phenomenology to have uniformity in the ‘lived experiences’ of research participants, Polkinghorne (1989), another phenomenologist, advised that phenomenological researchers should interview between 5 to 10 participants who have all experienced similar events (phenomenon). As such, the commonality of their experiences can be captured and interpreted. Finally, the history of phenomenology as a qualitative approach will not be complete without mentioning the names of Smith, Flowers, and Larkin (2009). These theorists and authors have individually, and collectively, revolutionized the theory and concept of phenomenology in today’s practice....
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...This ‘meaning unit’ help transform and transfer the ‘lived experiences’ of the research participants into a sensitive psychological expressions, so that these experiences (‘essences’) can be written in a more reflective and descriptive manner (cited in Creswell, 2013). Another phenomenology theorist and author is Riemen (1986). This author has written mostly in the medical field, especially in the area of caring, nursing. However, in order to develop a method of analysis for phenomenology, according to Creswell (2013, p. 194), Riemen formulated the ‘meaning statements’ from the significant statements in her “study of caring by patients and their nurses, she presents significant statements of caring and non-caring interactions for both males and females.” Additionally, as a way for phenomenology to have uniformity in the ‘lived experiences’ of research participants, Polkinghorne (1989), another phenomenologist, advised that phenomenological researchers should interview between 5 to 10 participants who have all experienced similar events (phenomenon)....
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...Creswell (2012, p. 76) stated that “a phenomenological study describes the common meaning for several individuals of their lived experiences of a concept or phenomenon.” He also stated that “Phenomenologists focus on describing what all participants have in common as they experience a phenomenon” (p. 76). The most important aspect of IPA tradition is its ability to make sense of the ‘lived experiences’ of the research participants and truly allow the research study to explore the phenomenon that the research is investigating. In today’s research world, IPA approach is used in many qualitative research studies to investigate and interpret the ‘lived experiences’ of people who have experienced similar (common) phenomenon. According to Creswell (2013), “phenomenological study describes the common meaning for several individuals of their lived experiences of a concept or a phenomenon” (p. 76). He also asserted that “Phenomenology is not only a description, but it is also an interpretive process in which the researcher makes an interpretation of the meaning of the lived experiences.” Furthermore, Smith et al. (2009) reiterated that IPA is concerned with the detailed examination of human lived experience. And it aims to conduct this examination in a way which as far as possible enables that experience to be expressed in its own terms, rather than according to predefined category systems. This is what makes IPA phenomenological and connect it to the core ideas unifying the phenomenological philosophers.... (p. 32) 4. Contrasting different approaches In a qualitative research methodology, there are varieties of data analytical approaches that researchers can utilize for their data analysis. Some of these analytical approaches are Narrative approach, Grounded Theory approach, Ethnographic approach, Case Study approach, the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) approach, etc. Arguments can be made for the justification of any one of these approaches (and in some cases, arguments are made). However, most of these data analysis approaches are aligned with the tradition that goes with their research designs. Therefore, for a case study research, it is appropriate for the researcher to utilize the case study data analysis approach, because it aligns well with the phenomenon that the study is investigating; the same holds true with the other data analysis approaches. Creswell (2013) said the following about the five data analysis approaches: Across all five approaches, the researcher typically begins by creating and organizing files of information....
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451 citations
426 citations
Cites methods from "Research Design: Qualitative, Quant..."
...Although these categories are not inclusive of all qualitative approaches, and distinctions among ontology, epistemology, and method are not always clear (Staller, 2013), the delineation of these three traditions has supported diversity in the methods and goals of qualitative research (Creswell, 2013; Morgan, 2007)....
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...…are not inclusive of all qualitative approaches, and distinctions among ontology, epistemology, and method are not always clear (Staller, 2013), the delineation of these three traditions has supported diversity in the methods and goals of qualitative research (Creswell, 2013; Morgan, 2007)....
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References
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