Research issues in Smart Grid - application to automation, renewable energy sources and demand response
01 Dec 2012-pp 1132-1137
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the research carried out in these issues and also on the latest technologies in smart grid, with detailed discussions on substation automation, demand response, and distributed energy resources.
Abstract: Smart Grid envisions improving the efficiency, reliability, quality, security, economy etc. of the electric energy systems to meet the 21st century demands. As the major concern in 21st century is the environmental impact, it is very essential to make the present grid eco-friendly. This paper presents the research carried out in these issues and also on the latest technologies in smart grid. Smart Grid features such as self-healing, eco-friendliness, are presented in this paper, with detailed discussions on substation automation, demand response, and distributed energy resources
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TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive review exploring information of development, technologies, and techniques in the smart grid is presented, where the main goal is to investigate and reveal the key enabling technologies, to obtain better picture about the current status of smart grid development.
Abstract: The Smart Grid (SG) is a technological transformation from conventional electric grid, electro-mechanically controlled system, to smart, intelligent, and electronically controlled system called the “Smart Grid” (SG). There are about 20–30% losses present in the conventional electric grid due to substandard operations at generation, transmission and distribution side. The major players in the transformation are: (a) increased electricity cost, (b) aging infrastructure, (c) carbon footprint, (d) Green House Gas emissions, (e) climate change, and (f) less efficient electrical network. The promising features of the Smart Grid are: (a) intelligent de-centralized control, (b) resilience, (c) flexibility, (d) sustainability, (e) digitalization, (f) intelligence, (g) consumer empowerment, (h) green energy, and (i) smart infrastructure. The fundamental issues and open challenges in the SG are lack of awareness, consumer acceptance, cyber terrorism, data collection management, energy metering, dynamic optimization and energy control. Considering above, in this paper, a comprehensive review exploring information of development, technologies, and techniques in the SG. The main goal is to investigate and reveal the key enabling technologies, to obtain better picture about the current status of SG development. The focus areas of this review study are Architectural Model focusing Consumer Empowerment (CE), Demand Response Program (DRP), and Demand Side Management (DSM). Our survey discusses in detail the Communication Technologies, such as Wireless Advance Metering Infrastructure (AMI), Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU), Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), and Machine to Machine Communication (M2M). The power systems such as Micro Grid, Nano Grid, Pico Grid, Inter Grid, Virtual Power Plants, and Distributed Generation are also elaborated in this review study. Renewable Energy Resources (RERs) Integration with the SG and Integration issues related to Distributed generation (DG) are presented in this survey. This survey also analyzes Architectural Model of the Smart Grid focusing consumer empowerment and prosumers interaction. The aim of this study is to provide deep understanding of technologies and their applications in the SG.
121 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared experiences and success stories from around the world to study the Smart Grid power system and compare the advantages and disadvantages of different countries in terms of energy efficiency, reliability, quality and security.
70 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show how the Ecuadorian electricity sector has evolved from 2007 to 2017, and discuss the relationship between energy policies and their impacts on electricity supply, management, tariffs, and the country's economy.
57 citations
01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the potential challenges in integration of renewable energy resources in smart grid along with the applied control strategies for their facilitation and some practical case studies of practical case.
Abstract: The increasing complexity of the existing power grid due to rapid population growth, development in technology, infrastructure and computational tools are the factors that contribute to the need of deployment of smart grid for secure and efficient use of electrical energy.The modernization of electric grids toward a smart grid is being carried out to improve reliability, facilitate integration of renewable energies, and improve power consumption management.Due to continuous depletion of primary fuel resources and global concern about the environmental pollution, the development of smart grids based on renewable energy resources has gained huge strategic significance now a days to resolve the energy crisis. However the intermittent and fluctuating nature of these sources makes the integration a difficult task that needs to be effectively addressed. Firstly this paper briefly discuss the emerging renewable energy resources (RERs) and Energy storage systems (EES).Secondly this work comprehensively reviews the potential challenges in integration of these sources in smart grid along with the applied control strategies for their facilitation and some practical case
5 citations
Cites background from "Research issues in Smart Grid - app..."
...The paper at[35] discussed some major issues like economy, quality, system security, reliability etc....
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01 Nov 2019
TL;DR: In this paper, a uncomplicated and valid centralized controller is presented to control smart microgrid system with uncertainty, and simulation results show that the proposed controller has a good performance.
Abstract: In this paper, a uncomplicated and valid centralized controller is presented to control smart microgrid system with uncertainty. Achieving good suppression of load interference is the control goal we expect to achieve. Consider the transient characteristics of the smart microgrid system during the switching mode of the grid-connected mode and the islanded mode, the smart microgrid model equations are represented in a uncertain state-space. To design the controller, a Kalman Filter Algorithm (KFA) can not only solve the discrete algebraic Riccati equation, but also recursively estimate the state vector of the controller. Kalman filter has a novel usage that combines the observer and the controller, the advantage of this is that it can simplify the design of the controller. The system model was established by Matlab/Simulink, the reliability and practicability of the control system are verified by setting different situations. Simulation results show that the proposed controller has a good performance.
2 citations
Cites background from "Research issues in Smart Grid - app..."
..., which can reduce transmission and distribution losses and effectively solve many potential problems of large-scale centralized power grids[3,4]....
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References
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20 Jun 2004
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a system approach which views generation and associated loads as a subsystem or a "microgrid". During disturbances, the generation and corresponding loads can separate from the distribution system to isolate the microgrid's load from the disturbance (providing UPS services) without harming the transmission grid's integrity.
Abstract: Application of individual distributed generators can cause as many problems as it may solve. A better way to realize the emerging potential of distributed generation is to take a system approach which views generation and associated loads as a subsystem or a "microgrid". During disturbances, the generation and corresponding loads can separate from the distribution system to isolate the microgrid's load from the disturbance (providing UPS services) without harming the transmission grid's integrity. This ability to island generation and loads together has a potential to provide a higher local reliability than that provided by the power system as a whole. In this model it is also critical to be able to use the waste heat by placing the sources near the heat load. This implies that a unit can be placed at any point on the electrical system as required by the location of the heat load.
1,685 citations
TL;DR: An optimization model to adjust the hourly load level of a given consumer in response to hourly electricity prices is described, which materializes into a simple linear programming algorithm that can be easily integrated in the Energy Management System of a household or a small business.
Abstract: This paper describes an optimization model to adjust the hourly load level of a given consumer in response to hourly electricity prices. The objective of the model is to maximize the utility of the consumer subject to a minimum daily energy-consumption level, maximum and minimum hourly load levels, and ramping limits on such load levels. Price uncertainty is modeled through robust optimization techniques. The model materializes into a simple linear programming algorithm that can be easily integrated in the Energy Management System of a household or a small business. A simple bidirectional communication device between the power supplier and the consumer enables the implementation of the proposed model. Numerical simulations illustrating the interest of the proposed model are provided.
946 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that two-way communication is not essential and that the demand can respond to the frequency error in a manner similar to the generators, and that, using this approach, the demand side can make a significant and reliable contribution to primary frequency response while preserving the benefits that consumers derive from their supply of electric energy.
Abstract: Frequency in large power systems is usually controlled by adjusting the production of generating units in response to changes in the load. As the amount of intermittent renewable generation increases and the proportion of flexible conventional generating units decreases, a contribution from the demand side to primary frequency control becomes technically and economically desirable. One of the reasons why this has not been done was the perceived difficulties in dealing with many small loads rather than a limited number of generating units. In particular, the cost and complexity associated with two-way communications between many loads and the control center appeared to be insurmountable obstacles. This paper argues that this two-way communication is not essential and that the demand can respond to the frequency error in a manner similar to the generators. Simulation results show that, using this approach, the demand side can make a significant and reliable contribution to primary frequency response while preserving the benefits that consumers derive from their supply of electric energy.
492 citations
21 May 2006
TL;DR: The paper provides a basic technical overview of IEC 61850 and discusses the benefits of each major aspect of the standard, along with explanations of how these standardized models, object naming conventions, and communication services bring significant benefits to the substation automation user.
Abstract: Legacy substation automation protocols and architectures typically provided basic functionality for power system automation and were designed to accommodate the technical limitations of the networking technology available for implementation. There has recently been a vast improvement in networking technology that has changed dramatically what is now feasible for power system automation in the substation. Technologies such as switched Ethernet, TCP/IP, high-speed wide area networks, and high-performance low-cost computers are providing capabilities that could barely be imagined when most legacy substation automation protocols were designed. In order to take advantage of modern technology to deliver additional new benefits to users of substation automation, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has developed and released a new global standard for substation automation: IEC 61850. The paper provides a basic technical overview of IEC 61850 and discusses the benefits of each major aspect of the standard. The concept of a virtual model comprising both physical and logical device models that includes a set of standardized communications services are described along with explanations of how these standardized models, object naming conventions, and communication services bring significant benefits to the substation automation user. New services to support self-describing devices and object-orient peer-to-peer data exchange are explained with an emphasis on how these services can be applied to reduce costs for substation automation. The substation configuration language (SCL) of IEC 61850 is presented with information on how the standardization of substation configuration will impact the future of substation automation. The paper concludes with a brief introduction to the UCA International Users Group as a forum where users and suppliers cooperate in improving substation automation with testing, education, and demonstrations of IEC 61850 and other IEC standards technology
344 citations
TL;DR: This paper proposes a vision of next-generation monitoring, analysis, and control functions for tomorrow's smart power system control centers and identifies the technology and infrastructure gaps that must be filled, and develops a roadmap to realize the proposed vision.
Abstract: This paper proposes a vision of next-generation monitoring, analysis, and control functions for tomorrow's smart power system control centers. The paper first reviews the present control center technology and then presents the vision of the next-generation monitoring, analysis, and control functions. The paper also identifies the technology and infrastructure gaps that must be filled, and develops a roadmap to realize the proposed vision. This smart control center vision is expected to be a critical part of the future smart transmission grid.
329 citations