Reshaping the Map of Israel: A New National Planning Doctrine
01 Jan 1998-Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science (SAGE Publications)-Vol. 555, Iss: 1, pp 209-218
TL;DR: The planning doctrine that guided Israel's planning policy for the first forty years of its existence is being replaced by a new planning doctrine, prompted largely by the great wave of immigration from the Soviet Union starting in 1989.
Abstract: The planning doctrine that guided Israel's planning policy for the first forty years of its existence is being replaced by a new planning doctrine, prompted largely by the great wave of immigration from the Soviet Union starting in 1989. New approaches to housing, employment, and physical and social infrastructure were needed to meet the demands of the sudden influx of some 700,000 new immigrants. In addition to Soviet immigration, two other important factors influenced planning policy: the peace agreements with Egypt and Jordan, which changed the geostrategic importance of the peripheral regions of the country, and the development of the Israeli economy into an economy based on high-technology industry and producer services. The globalization of Israel's economy has reduced the capacity of public policy to influence the location of economic activity. The new planning doctrine is highly sensitive to the scarcity of land and is based on a view of the future map of Israel as an agglomeration of four metropo...
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluate the actual performance of a district land-use plan, focusing particularly on aspects of land use Remote Sensing and GIS-based Plan Implementation Evaluation (PIE) analysis was used to test the impact of a comprehensive outline plan for Israel's Central District on the actual development of the built environment.
92 citations
Cites background or methods from "Reshaping the Map of Israel: A New ..."
...In Israel’s early days, national planning guided the development of the built environment, the country’s industrialization, and the population distribution (Shachar, 1998)....
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...Since the establishment of Israel as an independent state, spatial planning has been designed using a top-to-bottom system, employing statutory zoning as a comprehensive framework for development (Shachar, 1998; Alterman, 2001)....
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TL;DR: The concept of a planning doctrine can be used to analyse spatial planning systems, making reference to the ways in which their performance is influenced by patterns of thought as mentioned in this paper, which is also referred to as the planning doctrine.
Abstract: The concept of a planning doctrine can be used to analyse spatial planning systems, making reference to the ways in which their performance is influenced by patterns of thought. In the Netherlands the performance of the planning system has been attributed to a strong national consensus on a set of interrelated and enduring notions on spatial configurations and development strategies and how they should be handled: in plain terms, a ‘spatial planning doctrine’. The spatial planning context has changed so much in the past fifteen years that many critics are questioning whether Dutch spatial planning can continue to live up to its internationally acclaimed reputation. We analyse the workings of the planning doctrine and conclude that it is still having an effect on planning practice. However, if it does not evolve more dynamically, it might be wrenched out of joint by the constantly changing planning context. We furthermore reflect on the potential role of a planning doctrine in the analysis of planning systems.
84 citations
Cites background from "Reshaping the Map of Israel: A New ..."
...(Hershkowitz, 2010; Shachar, 1998), and the planning of Jerusalem (Faludi, 1997); and to compare growth management between Florida and the Netherlands (Evers...
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...…to other geographical contexts: to analyse planning history in Cardiff (Coop and Thomas, 2007), national planning in Israel (Hershkowitz, 2010; Shachar, 1998), and the planning of Jerusalem (Faludi, 1997); and to compare growth management between Florida and the Netherlands (Evers et al,…...
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TL;DR: This paper examined the contemporary development of gated communities in Israel, linking the phenomenon to global trends in privatisation, associated with the rise of neo-liberal landscapes, and argued that assertions on weakening state intervention and strengthening influence of the market oversimplify the complex interplay of private developers, public planning institutions and third-sector organisations.
Abstract: This study examines the contemporary development of gated communities in Israel, linking the phenomenon to global trends in privatisation, associated with the rise of neo-liberal landscapes. It is argued that assertions on weakening state intervention and strengthening influence of the market, oversimplify the complex interplay of private developers, public planning institutions and third-sector organisations. Neo-liberal urban governance does not imply the demise of regulation, but rather its changing nature. Although public awareness of gated communities was late to develop in Israel, in part because earlier forms of gating blurred its development, evidence reveals that social and environmental third-sector organisations are important new stakeholders involved in the production of gated spaces through their impact on public policy, balancing the `disciplining' impact of market organisations.
81 citations
Cites background from "Reshaping the Map of Israel: A New ..."
...The Israeli government initiated planning and development schemes aimed at absorbing new Jewish immigrants, securing the country’s borders and Jewish character, and achieving a more balanced spatial distribution of population throughout the country (Shachar, 1998)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the connection between the goal of democratization of the Israeli planning system and public participation in planning and claim that the planning system in Israel is a non-democratic environment within the democratic state.
Abstract: The article examines the alleged connection between the goal of democratization of the Israeli planning system and 'public participation in planning'. It begins by claiming that the planning system in Israel is a non-democratic environment within the democratic state. This situation has stimulated the enormous development of theoretical and practical work relating to 'public participation'. Yet, statutory and voluntary participation mechanisms in Israel have not been able to influence the decision-making structure in planning. Moreover, most public organizations and NGOs that are supposed to represent the voice of the public are far from being genuine public delegates. The article also relates to the power/knowledge problem, stating that participation processes cannot escape it. The article highlights the widely experienced tensions between the democratization of planning through more consultative and participative processes, the role of elected representatives and of civil society movements which choose ...
73 citations
Cites background from "Reshaping the Map of Israel: A New ..."
...As it has been argued before, the Israeli planning doctrine was shaped in its initial phase by an ideology of giving priority to the collective over the individual (Shachar,1998)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors introduce a distinction between two forms of planning: Just-in-Case planning and Just-In-Time planning, and suggest preliminary principles for a new, Justin-Time, planning approach.
65 citations
Cites background from "Reshaping the Map of Israel: A New ..."
...Israeli planning system, that in line with modern planning thought forms a hierarchical, authoritative structure that assumes a top-to-bottom order and flow of ideas (Yiftachel, 1995, 1998; Kallus and Law Yone, 2002; Shachar, 1998; Portugali, 1994, 1999)....
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References
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed trends in immigration and internal migration and their impact on spatial distribution stressing their effects on economic development and showed that the spatial results according to new definitions are not static and that they vary dramatically over a period of time.
Abstract: Using data from various official Israeli sources for the period 1950-1985 the author analyzes trends in immigration and internal migration and their impact on spatial distribution stressing their effects on economic development. "The research presents the spatial results of external Jewish migration to Israel from 1882 to 1985 and internal Jewish migration in the period from 1961 to 1983. It also shows that the spatial results according to the new definitions are not static and that they vary dramatically over a period of time." (EXCERPT)
22 citations