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Journal ArticleDOI

Residual stress. Part 1 – Measurement techniques

01 Apr 2001-Materials Science and Technology (Taylor & Francis)-Vol. 17, Iss: 4, pp 355-365
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of residual stresses on fatigue lifetimes and structural integrity are first summarised, followed by the definition and measurement of residual stress, which are characterised according to the characteristic length scale over which they self-equilibrate.
Abstract: Residual stress is that which remains in a body that is stationary and at equilibrium with its surroundings. It can be very detrimental to the performance of a material or the life of a component. Alternatively, beneficial residual stresses can be introduced deliberately. Residual stresses are more difficult to predict than the in-service stresses on which they superimpose. For this reason, it is important to have reliable methods for the measurement of these stresses and to understand the level of information they can provide. In this paper, which is the first part of a two part overview, the effect of residual stresses on fatigue lifetimes and structural integrity are first summarised, followed by the definition and measurement of residual stresses. Different types of stress are characterised according to the characteristic length scale over which they self-equilibrate. By comparing this length to the gauge volume of each technique, the capability of a range of techniques is assessed. In the sec...
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of the emerging research on additive manufacturing of metallic materials is provided in this article, which provides a comprehensive overview of the physical processes and the underlying science of metallurgical structure and properties of the deposited parts.

4,192 citations


Cites background from "Residual stress. Part 1 – Measureme..."

  • ...Several excellent reviews of residual stress measurement are available in the literature for general techniques [249] and those applied to AM [250] and welding [251]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors deal with the fundamental understanding of the process and its metallurgical consequences, focusing on heat generation, heat transfer and plastic flow during welding, elements of tool design, understanding defect formation and the structure and properties of the welded materials.

1,811 citations


Cites methods from "Residual stress. Part 1 – Measureme..."

  • ...Residual stresses in the weld can be measured by using: 1) diffraction studies using X-ray or neutron sources without destroying the weld and 2) destructive hole-drilling methods [127, 128, 131]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the nature and origins of residual stresses across a range of scales, from the long range residual stress fields in engineering components and welded structures, through the interphase stresses present in composites and coatings, to the microscale interactions of phase transformations with local stresses.
Abstract: Residual stress is that which remains in a body that is stationary and at equilibrium with its surroundings. It can be detrimental when it reduces the tolerance of the material to an externally applied force, as is the case with welded joints. On the other hand, it can be exploited to design materials or components which are resistant to damage, toughened glass being a good example. This paper, the second part of a two part overview, the first part having been devoted to measurement techniques, examines the nature and origins of residual stresses across a range of scales. This extends from the long range residual stress fields in engineering components and welded structures, through the interphase stresses present in composites and coatings, to the microscale interactions of phase transformations with local stresses.

773 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the structure and properties of bearing steels prior to the point of service are first assessed and described in the context of steelmaking, manufacturing and engineering requirements, followed by a thorough critique of the damage mechanisms that operate during service and in accelerated tests.

729 citations


Cites background from "Residual stress. Part 1 – Measureme..."

  • ...Residual stress is that which remains in a body after processing or use [700,701]: it can be detrimental as it may reduce the tolerance of the material to an externally applied force, such as the load that a structure has to endure....

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  • ...Type III stresses, on the other hand, balance within the grain [700,701]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The presented work contains particular approaches using the FEA for the simulation of transient physical effects within the additive layer manufacturing (ALM) process that focus on coupled thermo-mechanical models incorporating specific boundary conditions and temperature dependant material properties to identify the heat impact on residual stresses and deformations.
Abstract: For establishing Selective Laser Melting (SLM) in production technology, an extensive knowledge about the transient physical effects during the manufacturing process is mandatory. In this regard, a high process stability for various alloys, e.g. tool steel 1.2709 (X3NiCoMoTi 18-9-5), is realisable, if approaches for the virtual qualification of adequate process parameters by means of a numerical simulation based on the finite element analysis (FEA) are developed. Furthermore, specific methods to evaluate and quantify the resulting residual stresses and deformations due to the temperature gradient mechanism (TGM) are required. Hence, the presented work contains particular approaches using the FEA for the simulation of transient physical effects within the additive layer manufacturing (ALM) process. The investigations focus on coupled thermo-mechanical models incorporating specific boundary conditions and temperature dependant material properties to identify the heat impact on residual stresses and deformations. In order to evaluate the structural effects and simultaneously validate the simulation, analysis on residual stresses based on the neutron diffractometry as well as considerations concerning part deformations are presented.

517 citations


Cites background or methods from "Residual stress. Part 1 – Measureme..."

  • ...diffractometry and the coordinate measuring technique are carried out [30]....

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  • ...To gather residual stresses from the calculated strains, additional information about the Young’s modulus and the Poisson’s ratio are essential [16, 30]....

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References
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Book
01 Jan 2001

19,319 citations

Book
01 Jan 1956
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a chemical analysis of X-ray diffraction by Xray Spectrometry and phase-diagram Determination of single crystal structures and phase diagrams.
Abstract: 1. Properties of X-rays. 2. Geometry of Crystals. 3. Diffraction I: Directions of Diffracted Beams. 4. Diffraction II: Intensities of Diffracted Beams. 5. Diffraction III: Non-Ideal Samples. 6. Laure Photographs. 7. Powder Photographs. 8. Diffractometer and Spectrometer. 9. Orientation and Quality of Single Crystals. 10. Structure of Polycrystalline Aggregates. 11. Determination of Crystal Structure. 12. Precise Parameter Measurements. 13. Phase-Diagram Determination. 14. Order-Disorder Transformation. 15. Chemical Analysis of X-ray Diffraction. 16. Chemical Analysis by X-ray Spectrometry. 17. Measurements of Residual Stress. 18. Polymers. 19. Small Angle Scatters. 20. Transmission Electron Microscope.

17,428 citations

Book
03 Oct 2001
TL;DR: In this article, the fundamental core theory of functional properties and properties of materials are discussed. But the authors focus on the physical properties of thin films and artificial multilayers, rather than the structural properties of the materials themselves.
Abstract: Subject areas: Functional Phenomena. Electrical and thermal transport in normal solids. Physics and application of superconductors. Lattice properties and thermodynamics. Metal-gas reactions and electrochemistry. Magnetism and electronic properties and bulk solids. Hard and soft magnetic materials, manufacturing and applications. Magneto-optical and optical recording. Magnetic recording magnetic fluids. Physical properties of thin films and artificial multilayers. Optical and dielectric phenomena. Fundamental Core Theory. Fundamentals of materials science. Amorphous materials. Nuclear materials and irradiation effects. Biomedical and dental materials. Natural products and biomimetics. Carbon. Wood and paper. Characterization of materials. Surfaces: structure and properties. Miscellaneous. Structural Materials. Metal extraction, melting and refining. Metal processing. Structure, transformations and properties, light metals. Structure, transformations and properties, ferrous metals. Ceramic processing. Structure, transformations, properties in ceramics. Composites: MMC, CMC, PMC. Applications: aerospace automotive, sports, other. Applications: building. Modeling: atomic, microscale, large scale. Materials selection, life cycle costs, environmental tradeoffs, etc. Corrosion. Structural Phenomena. Elasticity-residual stress. Brittle fracture. Plastic deformation in static loading. Microscopic models of plasticity. Deformation and damage under cyclic load. Creep, strength and fatigue at elevated temperature. Mechanical properties of surfaces and in micro-dimensions. Deformation-related processing. Mechanical testing and nondestructive inspection. Polymers and Materials Chemistry. Crystalline polymers. Glassy amorphous and liquid crystalline polymers. Conducting and semiconducting polymers and organics. Elastomers, networks and gels. Block copolymers. Industrial polymerization chemistry. New synthesis methods for speciality polymers. Polymer processing. Inorganic materials chemistry. Organic/inorganic hybrid materials. Self-assembling materials chemistry. Liquid crystals. Functional Materials. Physics and chemistry of semiconductors. Semiconducting devices. Defects in semiconductors. Evaluation of semiconductors. Crystal growth. Epitaxial growth. Semiconductor processing and IC fabrication. Nonlinear optical materials. Electroceramics. Packaging.

1,400 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the nature and origins of residual stresses across a range of scales, from the long range residual stress fields in engineering components and welded structures, through the interphase stresses present in composites and coatings, to the microscale interactions of phase transformations with local stresses.
Abstract: Residual stress is that which remains in a body that is stationary and at equilibrium with its surroundings. It can be detrimental when it reduces the tolerance of the material to an externally applied force, as is the case with welded joints. On the other hand, it can be exploited to design materials or components which are resistant to damage, toughened glass being a good example. This paper, the second part of a two part overview, the first part having been devoted to measurement techniques, examines the nature and origins of residual stresses across a range of scales. This extends from the long range residual stress fields in engineering components and welded structures, through the interphase stresses present in composites and coatings, to the microscale interactions of phase transformations with local stresses.

773 citations

Book
01 Dec 1995
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a sequence of residual stress measurements made to determine a Handbook on Stiffness & Damping in Mechanical Design, which can be used to compare different methods of measuring residual stress.
Abstract: The principle of layer removal method depends on the balance of internal stresses and moments when residual stresses are gradually removed. INTRODUCTION. Although measurement of triaxial subsurface residual stress might handbook on residual stress determination (SAE, 1965). It is noteworthy. Experimental Techniques to find Thermal Residual Stress in Composite Materials –A measure residual stresses and to provide overview of advancement in this area to help researchers to choose on their Handbook of Measurement. Strain-gages are also used in a half-bridge configuration to measure the strain in the 8 cross-sections Handbook of Measurement of Residual Stresses. Handbook Of Measurement Of Residual Stresses Read/Download synchrotron residual stress measurements when differences in gauge volume and Handbook of Measurement of Residual Stresses. (1996), The Fairmont. Residual Stress Measurement book download Download Residual Stress Measurement Handbook of Residual Stress and Deformation of Steel. Metals Park:. After residual stress measurement, brinell hardness test was TOTTEN G., HOWES M., INOUE T., Handbook of Residual Stress and Deformation of Steel , ASM. Lu, Handbook of Measurement of Residual Stresses, Ed. Residual stresses were defined by Gurney in 1979 (1) as “locked-in stresses that exist in a members. As a result, the benefits of a highly compressive average residual stress will be offset by highly scattered individual measurements. The stochastic nature. Accordingly, the investigation and measurement of hardness have vital importance. detailed explanations of previous studies were discussed in the handbook of The ultrasonic waves are also used to observe the bulk residual stresses. The acoustoelastic measurement of stress is a topic with a rich history and the B. Thompson, W.Y. Lu, and A. V. Clark, Jr. in Handbook of Measurements of J. C. Johnson, "Development of an Acoustic Microscope to Measure Residual. ND measurements on CW specimens showed enhanced residual stresses with 2, Residual Stress Measurements, ASM Handbook–Mechanical Testing. This paper describes a sequence of residual stress measurements made to determine a Handbook on Stiffness & Damping in Mechanical Design_ Chapter 1. NPL has performed its first off-site X-ray residual stress measurement service for engineering company, Siemens. The calculation of welding residual stresses so far can be obtained at best on very small models, because of calculation times that Measurement of residual stresses generally involves II: Verfahren und Fertigung (Handbook of welding. On the determination of local residual stress gradients by the slit milling method The proof-of-principle is supported by measurements on steel under. What is residual stress? • Residual stress are caused by non-uniform plastic deformation Not possible to measure non-destructively residual stresses in typical. Residual compressive stresses are commonly introduced into ductile metals. There is currently no published standard for the measurement of residual stress. such as residual stresses, interpretation of service fractures, or analogies. In the experimental determination of stresses through elastic strain measurein an arbitrarily loaded body is discussed in subsequent chapters of this handbook. Oil and Gas Pipelines: Integrity and Safety Handbook Practical methods of measuring residual stresses that may be of use to a pipeline engineer are included. By Bertrand Jodoin in Residual Stress (Engineering) and Cold Gas Dynamic Spraying approaches for residual stress measurement incoldspray coated samples. References (1) G. Totten, M. Howes, T. Inoue, Handbook of Residual Stress. Fraunhofer IWM: Microstructure, Residual Stresses W., Residual Stresses in bulk ceramics, in: Handbook on residual stress, Jian Lu (Editor), Second Edition, Soc. R., Glatzel, U., Comparison of oxide measurement techniques in Ti6Al4V. G. Totten, Handbook of Residual Stress and Deformation of Steel heating, tips for preventing oxide formation, and techniques for measuring residual stresses. Residual stress always exists on any kind of welded area. There are a number of different methods for measuring residual stress. Welding Handbook. ABSTRACT: Residual stresses are internal stresses locked into a rigid part in the absence of There are different ways to measure the residual Processes During Welding and Joining”, Handbook of Residual Stress and Deformation. method was also developed to measure the residual stress profiles around a pre-drilled zone J. Lu, Handbook of Measurement of Residual Stresses, The. Handbook of Residual Stress and Deformation of Steel. Residual Stress Measurement and the Slitting Method by Weili Cheng. Figure 6.4 Residual stress. machining-induced residual stress, but warpage of thin ABS parts was mainly from thermal Handbook of Measurement of Residual Stresses / Society.

604 citations