Residues of 18 organochlorine pesticides in 30 traditional Chinese medicines
TL;DR: The results suggest that contamination of TCMs with OCPs is widespread and the most common contaminants among the 280 samples were alpha-BHC, PCNB, hexachlorobenzene, and tecnazene.
About: This article is published in Chemosphere.The article was published on 2008-04-01. It has received 45 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Heptachlor & Heptachlor Epoxide.
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TL;DR: The present study attempts to identify the evolution of technical standards in manufacturing and the regulatory guideline development for commercialization of herbal drugs.
319 citations
TL;DR: Quality issues of herbal medicines can be classified into two categories: external and internal, and previously unsolved internal issues have become solvable through the use of modern analytical methods and pharmaceutical techniques.
254 citations
TL;DR: To prevent and screen for contamination and ensure safety and conformity to quality standards, medicinal herbs and herbal products should be included in appropriate regulatory framework.
Abstract: Medicinal plants have a long history of use in therapy throughout the world and still make an important part of traditional medicine. Thus, medicinal plants and herbal products must be safe for the patient (consumer). This review addresses biological contaminants (microbes and other organisms) and chemical contaminants (mycotoxins, toxic elements such as heavy metals, and pesticide residues) as major common contaminants of medicinal herbs and herbal products. To prevent and screen for contamination and ensure safety and conformity to quality standards, medicinal herbs and herbal products should be included in appropriate regulatory framework.
155 citations
TL;DR: Given the number of samples with detectable contaminants and the range between the more likely and more conservative scenarios of contaminant exposure, more research and monitoring of heavy metals (especially cadmium and chromium) and pesticide residues (especially chlorpyrifos) in raw CHMs are advised.
138 citations
Cites background from "Residues of 18 organochlorine pesti..."
...Pesticides have also been reported in CHMs (Leung et al., 2005; Wong et al., 2007; Xue et al., 2008; Zuin and Vilegas, 2000)....
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TL;DR: The important contaminants of medicinal herbs, the frequency and magnitude of their occurrences, the potential causes of contamination and their regulatory limits in medicinal herbs are discussed.
111 citations
References
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TL;DR: A method to determine 21 organochlorine pesticides in vegetation samples using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is described and compared with Soxhlet extraction, showing that both methods are suitable for the determination of chlorinated pesticides in Vegetation samples.
119 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: This paper presents a meta-historic review of the literature on environmental Contaminants in Food and Assessing the Hazards of PCBs, Dioxins, and Other Polyhalogenated Hydrocarbons from 1950 to 1990, as well as some new ideas on how to source and assess data bases for such analysis.
Abstract: Preface, C.F. Moffat and K.J. Whittle Introduction, C.F. Moffat and K.J. Whittle Quantification, Sensitivity and Quality Control Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy Techniques, T. Win Quantitative High Performance Liquid Chromatography Methods, K.-H. Kim and W. Hawer Advances in Immunochemical Methods of Analysis for Food Contaminants, P. Wright Types and Sources of Inorganic and Organic Environmental Contaminants and Residues in Food Radionuclides, K. Mondon Heavy Metals, F.E. Ahmed Pesticides and Herbicides, J. Hajslova Veterinary Residues, G. Shearer PCBs, Dioxins and Other Polyhalogenated Hydrocarbons, D. Wells and J. de Boer Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Petroleum and Other Hydrocarbon Contaminants, C.F. Moffat and K.J. Whittle Tainting, P. Howgate Sourcing Reliable Information on Environmental Contaminants in Food and Assessing the Hazards The Value of Data Bases, F.E. Ahmed Risk Assessment, S. Brooke-Taylor, P. Abbott, and J. Baines
68 citations
TL;DR: The simple and rapid method may be used to determine OCPs in CHMs routinely, and in fact, was used to analyze CHMs sold in Taiwan.
57 citations
TL;DR: A simple and efficient method for simultaneous gas chromatographic (GC) determination of 18 organochlorine pesticide determination in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is described and may be used to routinely determine organoch chlorine pesticides in TCM.
Abstract: A simple and efficient method for simultaneous gas chromatographic (GC) determination of 18 organochlorine pesticides [tecnazene, hexachlorobenzene, alpha-benzenehexachloride (BHC), pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB), gamma-BHC, heptachlor, aldrin, methyl pentachlorophenyl sulfide, beta-BHC, delta-BHC, heptachlor epoxide, alpha-endosulfan, trans-chlorodane, cis-chlorodane, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, and p,p'-DDT] in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is described. The procedure involves ultrasonic extraction and sulphuric acid treatment as the cleanup method. Detection of the sample is performed by GC-electron capture detection. A series of experiments are conducted to optimize the final pretreatment conditions [acetone-petroleum ether (1:1) as the extract solvent, ultrasonication for 15 min, three steps, concentrated sulphuric acid with 10% water for sulphuric acid treatment]. Recovery studies are performed at 10, 50, and 100 parts-per-billion (ppb) fortification levels of each organochlorine pesticide, except for alpha-endosulfan, which are 20, 100, and 200 ppb. The percentage recoveries range from 77.9% +/- 6.4% to 114.0% +/- 8.1% (average +/- standard deviation). The simple and rapid method may be used to routinely determine organochlorine pesticides in TCM.
9 citations