Residues of organochlorine pesticides in surface soil and raw foods from rural areas of the Republic of Tajikistan.
TL;DR: Soil concentrations of pesticides were extremely heterogeneous at the Vakhsh and Konibodam disposal sites with many soil samples greater than 10 ppm, indicating minimal transfer from the pesticide sites into local food chains.
About: This article is published in Environmental Pollution.The article was published on 2017-05-01 and is currently open access. It has received 41 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Pesticide residue & Pesticide.
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TL;DR: It is essential to discuss the agricultural development process; the historical perspective, types and specific uses of pesticides; and pesticide behavior, its contamination, and adverse effects on the natural environment to provide the scientific information necessary for pesticide application and management in the future.
Abstract: Pesticides are indispensable in agricultural production. They have been used by farmers to control weeds and insects, and their remarkable increases in agricultural products have been reported. The increase in the world's population in the 20th century could not have been possible without a parallel increase in food production. About one-third of agricultural products are produced depending on the application of pesticides. Without the use of pesticides, there would be a 78% loss of fruit production, a 54% loss of vegetable production, and a 32% loss of cereal production. Therefore, pesticides play a critical role in reducing diseases and increasing crop yields worldwide. Thus, it is essential to discuss the agricultural development process; the historical perspective, types and specific uses of pesticides; and pesticide behavior, its contamination, and adverse effects on the natural environment. The review study indicates that agricultural development has a long history in many places around the world. The history of pesticide use can be divided into three periods of time. Pesticides are classified by different classification terms such as chemical classes, functional groups, modes of action, and toxicity. Pesticides are used to kill pests and control weeds using chemical ingredients; hence, they can also be toxic to other organisms, including birds, fish, beneficial insects, and non-target plants, as well as air, water, soil, and crops. Moreover, pesticide contamination moves away from the target plants, resulting in environmental pollution. Such chemical residues impact human health through environmental and food contamination. In addition, climate change-related factors also impact on pesticide application and result in increased pesticide usage and pesticide pollution. Therefore, this review will provide the scientific information necessary for pesticide application and management in the future.
451 citations
Cites background from "Residues of organochlorine pesticid..."
...The degradation of pesticides leads to the production of residues that persist and transform not only in aquatic ecosystems but also in terrestrial areas for years, posing a threat to the environment [191]....
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TL;DR: The limitations and benefits of chemically polluted soil using microorganisms and other biological methods have been discussed, however, future development measures are still needed to ensure full implementation of these methods to save the environment.
Abstract: Pesticides are the chemicals used to prevent plant diseases, weeds, pests and to enhance the quality of the food products. The uniqueness of their chemical structure, and/or their interactions with the environment characterize the nature of pesticides. In most scenarios, the end users such as farmers and consumers, who know the serious effects of pesticides cannot translate this awareness into their practice. The mobility, bioavailability of pesticides in soils (atmosphere, water bodies) is based upon their absorption and desorption mechanisms from soil particles. Pesticides have harmful effects in the soil ecosystem, and mankind (which affects biological molecules, tissues, and organs resulting in acute or chronic disorders). It affects humans of all ages including prenatal. These pollutants, when released into the water bodies affects the aquatic systems. The water molecules in the river are affected by the accumulation of these toxic contaminants with its alkaline pH and heavy metals which could adversely affect the health of flora and fauna. This article discusses the scientific literature on various remediation technologies available for the safer use of pesticides. The limitations and benefits of chemically polluted soil using microorganisms and other biological methods have been discussed. However, future development measures are still needed to ensure full implementation of these methods to save the environment.
140 citations
Cites background from "Residues of organochlorine pesticid..."
...Pesticidal samples collected in the regions of Chimbuloq and Garm have shown that there are substantial pesticide levels that are in the size of 2 ppm [18]....
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TL;DR: This review first examines the current situation regarding pesticide residue in various foods, feeds, traditional Chinese medicines and environmental samples, and focuses on the recent development of the proposed immunosensors for pesticide detection in the past five years, with particular emphasis on the fluorescence, colorimetric, chemiluminescence, electrochemical and piezoelectric sensors.
94 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors performed an extensive literature review, and the data showed that water pollution in Central Asia is closely linked to human activities, and that the salinities of rivers and groundwater in the middle and lower reaches of inland rivers generally increase along the flow path due to high rates of evaporation.
76 citations
TL;DR: A modified QuEChERS method was optimized, validated and verified for the extraction of 218 pesticide residues in agricultural soil samples and the results of the application of the method in the investigation of clay loam soil samples that were obtained from underneath wildlife carcasses in the context of an environmental forensic investigation are presented.
57 citations
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TL;DR: It is concluded that butter is sensitive to local, regional, and global scale spatial and temporal atmospheric trends of many POPs and may therefore provide a useful sampling medium for monitoring purposes, however, to improve the quantitative information derived on air concentrations requires an awareness of climatic and livestock management factors which influence air-milk fat transfer processes.
Abstract: In this study we explored the use of butter as a sampling matrix to reflect the regional and global scale distribution of PCBs and selected organochlorine pesticides/metabolites in air. This was because persistent organic pollutants (POPs) concentrate in dairy fats, where concentrations are controlled by feed intake (primarily from pasture/silage), which is in turn primarily controlled by atmospheric deposition. Butter sigmaPCB concentrations varied by a factor of approximately 60 in 63 samples from 23 countries. They were highest in European and North American butter and lowest in southern hemisphere (Australian, New Zealand) samples, consistent with known patterns of historical global usage and estimated emissions. Concentrations in butter reflected differences in the propensity of PCB congeners to undergo long range atmospheric transport from global source regions to remote areas and the relatively even distribution of HCB in the global atmosphere. Concentrations of p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, and HCH isomers all varied over many orders of magnitude in the butter samples, with highest levels in areas of current use (e.g. India and south/central America for DDT; India, China, and Spain for HCH). We conclude that butter is sensitive to local, regional, and global scale spatial and temporal atmospheric trends of many POPs and may therefore provide a useful sampling medium for monitoring purposes. However, to improve the quantitative information derived on air concentrations requires an awareness of climatic and livestock management factors which influence air-milk fat transfer processes.
199 citations
TL;DR: Although the data from different sources do not agree with each other, the data clearly show that the usage of DDT in the FSU were intensive in the 1950s and 1960s, and the use ofDDT continued until early 1990s although DDT was officially banned in 1969/1970 by the F SU government.
53 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the stability and recovery of 84 pesticides and 12 polychlorinated biphenyls after treatment with sulphuric acid have been studied and compared with the results obtained using Florisil.
26 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the concentrations and spatial distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in surface soils of different altitudes (570-4656 m) from Tajikistan were determined.
Abstract: The concentrations and spatial distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in surface soils of different altitudes (570–4656 m) from Tajikistan were determined. OCPs were detected in all samples with concentrations in the range 52.83–247.98 ng g(-1) dry weight (ng g(-1) dw). Aldrins were the most predominant compounds followed by chlordanes, hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and endosulfans, while dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and methoxychlor were detected at much lower concentrations. Composition analysis indicated that OCPs mainly came from the atmospheric transport of historically used pesticides. OCP residues in the west and northwest parts of Tajikistan were higher than the east and the southeast due to the proximity to the potential sources and anthropogenic activity intensities around. Additionally, correlation analysis between OCPs and altitudes indicated that the more volatile pollutants, such as HCH isomers, seemed to become enriched more easily in regions with higher altitudes relative to the less volatile ones, such as DDTs.
21 citations
20 citations