Response to Comment on “Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams, 1999−2000: A National Reconnaissance”
14 Aug 2002-Environmental Science & Technology (American Chemical Society)-Vol. 36, Iss: 18, pp 4004-4004
About: This article is published in Environmental Science & Technology.The article was published on 2002-08-14. It has received 1798 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Wastewater.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined responses to land use under different management strategies and that employs response variables that have greater diagnostic value than many of the aggregated measures in current use.
Abstract: ▪ Abstract Local habitat and biological diversity of streams and rivers are strongly influenced by landform and land use within the surrounding valley at multiple scales. However, empirical associations between land use and stream response only varyingly succeed in implicating pathways of influence. This is the case for a number of reasons, including (a) covariation of anthropogenic and natural gradients in the landscape; (b) the existence of multiple, scale-dependent mechanisms; (c) nonlinear responses; and (d) the difficulties of separating present-day from historical influences. Further research is needed that examines responses to land use under different management strategies and that employs response variables that have greater diagnostic value than many of the aggregated measures in current use. In every respect, the valley rules the stream. H.B.N. Hynes (1975)
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TL;DR: Several PhACs from various prescription classes have been found at concentrations up to the microg/l-level in sewage influent and effluent samples and also in several surface waters located downstream from municipal sewage treatment plants (STPs).
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TL;DR: This paper has attempted to summarize the latest information available in the literature on the use, sales, exposure pathways, environmental occurrence, fate and effects of veterinary antibiotics in animal agriculture.
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Cites background from "Response to Comment on “Pharmaceuti..."
...…been measured in groundwater, sediments, slurry/manure, as well as in soil biota (e.g. Hamscher et al., 2000, 2001; Meyer et al., 2000, 2003; Campagnolo et al., 2002; Kolpin et al., 2002; Yang and Carlson, 2003), and in dust originating from a pig-fattening farm in Germany (Hamscher et al., 2003)....
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...…recent origin and a number of these compounds have been detected in sewage effluents and surface waters, as well as in drinking water (Heberer and Stan, 1997; Halling-Sørensen et al., 1998; Ternes, 1998; Hirsch et al., 1999; Stumpf et al., 1999; Kolpin et al., 2002; McArdell et al., 2003)....
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TL;DR: In this article, molecular-level design approaches for membrane materials, focusing on how these materials address the urgent requirements of water treatment applications, are reviewed for water scarcity and the pollution of aquatic environments.
Abstract: Membranes have an increasingly important role in alleviating water scarcity and the pollution of aquatic environments. Promising molecular-level design approaches are reviewed for membrane materials, focusing on how these materials address the urgent requirements of water treatment applications.
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TL;DR: Comparison of chlorine to ozone reactivity towards aromatic compounds (electrophilic attack) shows a good correlation, with chlorine rate constants being about four orders of magnitude smaller than those for ozone.
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Cites background from "Response to Comment on “Pharmaceuti..."
...Although usually present in low concentrations (ng L 1-mg L 1), numerous of these compounds have been reported in groundwaters and surface waters (Blackburn and Waldock, 1995; Ternes, 1998; Hirsch et al., 1999; Kolpin et al., 2002; Ying et al., 2002)....
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References
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TL;DR: Results from ELISA analysis of estrogenic hormones in secondary wastewater effluent indicate concentrations comparable to those that cause vitellogenesis in fish, which provides a relatively simple and practical method of assessing the fate of estrogenIC hormones in engineered and natural systems.
Abstract: Although the estrogenic hormones 17 b-estradiol and 17a-ethinyl estradiol can be quantified in polluted waters by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS), the compounds often are present at concentrations below detection limits. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) provide a sensitive and robust means of quantifying estrogenic hormones in wastewater effluents and surface waters. Results from ELISA analysis of estrogenic hormones in secondary wastewater effluent indicate concentrations comparable to those that cause vitellogenesis in fish. Confirmatory analyses by GC/MS/MS are consistent with ELISA results. Effluent filtration, using sand filtration or microfiltration, removes approx. 70% of the hormones from secondary effluent, while advanced treatment, using reverse osmosis, removes more than 95% of hormones. The detection limits for estrogenic hormones are approx. 0.1 ng/L in wastewater effluent and 0.05 ng/L in surface water. The ELISA technique provides a relatively simple and practical method of assessing the fate of estrogenic hormones in engineered and natural systems.
390 citations
TL;DR: Chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (CPIB) and salicylic acid, the metabolites of clofibrate and aspirin, were quantitated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the effluent of a sewage disposal plant in Kansas City, Missouri.
366 citations