Retinal Imaging and Image Analysis
TL;DR: Methods for 2-D fundus imaging and techniques for 3-D optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging are reviewed and aspects of image acquisition, image analysis, and clinical relevance are treated together considering their mutually interlinked relationships.
Abstract: Many important eye diseases as well as systemic diseases manifest themselves in the retina. While a number of other anatomical structures contribute to the process of vision, this review focuses on retinal imaging and image analysis. Following a brief overview of the most prevalent causes of blindness in the industrialized world that includes age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma, the review is devoted to retinal imaging and image analysis methods and their clinical implications. Methods for 2-D fundus imaging and techniques for 3-D optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging are reviewed. Special attention is given to quantitative techniques for analysis of fundus photographs with a focus on clinically relevant assessment of retinal vasculature, identification of retinal lesions, assessment of optic nerve head (ONH) shape, building retinal atlases, and to automated methods for population screening for retinal diseases. A separate section is devoted to 3-D analysis of OCT images, describing methods for segmentation and analysis of retinal layers, retinal vasculature, and 2-D/3-D detection of symptomatic exudate-associated derangements, as well as to OCT-based analysis of ONH morphology and shape. Throughout the paper, aspects of image acquisition, image analysis, and clinical relevance are treated together considering their mutually interlinked relationships.
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TL;DR: A novel method for the automatic segmentation of vessel trees in retinal fundus images by summing up the responses of the two rotation-invariant B-COSFIRE filters followed by thresholding is introduced.
626 citations
Cites background from "Retinal Imaging and Image Analysis"
...…routinely used for the diagnosis of various pathologies, including age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy – the two leading causes of blindness among people of the Western World (Abramoff et al., 2010) – as well as glaucoma, hypertension, arteriosclerosis and multiple sclerosis....
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...1a) are routinely used for the diagnosis of various pathologies, including age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy – the two leading causes of blindness among people of the Western World (Abramoff et al., 2010) – as well as glaucoma, hypertension, arteriosclerosis and multiple sclerosis....
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10 Jul 2018
TL;DR: The IDRiD (Indian Diabetic Retinopathy Image Dataset), is the first database representative of an Indian population and makes it perfect for development and evaluation of image analysis algorithms for early detection of diabetic retinopathy.
Abstract: Diabetic Retinopathy is the most prevalent cause of avoidable vision impairment, mainly affecting the working-age population in the world Recent research has given a better understanding of the requirement in clinical eye care practice to identify better and cheaper ways of identification, management, diagnosis and treatment of retinal disease The importance of diabetic retinopathy screening programs and difficulty in achieving reliable early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy at a reasonable cost needs attention to develop computer-aided diagnosis tool Computer-aided disease diagnosis in retinal image analysis could ease mass screening of populations with diabetes mellitus and help clinicians in utilizing their time more efficiently The recent technological advances in computing power, communication systems, and machine learning techniques provide opportunities to the biomedical engineers and computer scientists to meet the requirements of clinical practice Diverse and representative retinal image sets are essential for developing and testing digital screening programs and the automated algorithms at their core To the best of our knowledge, IDRiD (Indian Diabetic Retinopathy Image Dataset), is the first database representative of an Indian population It constitutes typical diabetic retinopathy lesions and normal retinal structures annotated at a pixel level The dataset provides information on the disease severity of diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic macular edema for each image This makes it perfect for development and evaluation of image analysis algorithms for early detection of diabetic retinopathy
486 citations
Cites background from "Retinal Imaging and Image Analysis"
...Early diagnosis and treatment of DR can prevent vision loss [8]....
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TL;DR: A new template-based methodology for segmenting the OD from digital retinal images using morphological and edge detection techniques followed by the Circular Hough Transform to obtain a circular OD boundary approximation is presented.
Abstract: Optic disc (OD) detection is an important step in developing systems for automated diagnosis of various serious ophthalmic pathologies. This paper presents a new template-based methodology for segmenting the OD from digital retinal images. This methodology uses morphological and edge detection techniques followed by the Circular Hough Transform to obtain a circular OD boundary approximation. It requires a pixel located within the OD as initial information. For this purpose, a location methodology based on a voting-type algorithm is also proposed. The algorithms were evaluated on the 1200 images of the publicly available MESSIDOR database. The location procedure succeeded in 99% of cases, taking an average computational time of 1.67 s. with a standard deviation of 0.14 s. On the other hand, the segmentation algorithm rendered an average common area overlapping between automated segmentations and true OD regions of 86%. The average computational time was 5.69 s with a standard deviation of 0.54 s. Moreover, a discussion on advantages and disadvantages of the models more generally used for OD segmentation is also presented in this paper.
485 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a fully automated AI-based system has been proposed for screening of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in diabetic macular and retinal disease using a convolutional neural network.
449 citations
TL;DR: Results suggest that this method for blood vessel segmentation in fundus images based on a discriminatively trained fully connected conditional random field model is suitable for the task of segmenting elongated structures, a feature that can be exploited to contribute with other medical and biological applications.
Abstract: Goal: In this work, we present an extensive description and evaluation of our method for blood vessel segmentation in fundus images based on a discriminatively trained fully connected conditional random field model. Methods: Standard segmentation priors such as a Potts model or total variation usually fail when dealing with thin and elongated structures. We overcome this difficulty by using a conditional random field model with more expressive potentials, taking advantage of recent results enabling inference of fully connected models almost in real time. Parameters of the method are learned automatically using a structured output support vector machine, a supervised technique widely used for structured prediction in a number of machine learning applications. Results: Our method, trained with state of the art features, is evaluated both quantitatively and qualitatively on four publicly available datasets: DRIVE, STARE, CHASEDB1, and HRF. Additionally, a quantitative comparison with respect to other strategies is included. Conclusion: The experimental results show that this approach outperforms other techniques when evaluated in terms of sensitivity, F1-score, G-mean, and Matthews correlation coefficient. Additionally, it was observed that the fully connected model is able to better distinguish the desired structures than the local neighborhood-based approach. Significance: Results suggest that this method is suitable for the task of segmenting elongated structures, a feature that can be exploited to contribute with other medical and biological applications.
429 citations
References
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TL;DR: This paper presents a method for extracting distinctive invariant features from images that can be used to perform reliable matching between different views of an object or scene and can robustly identify objects among clutter and occlusion while achieving near real-time performance.
Abstract: This paper presents a method for extracting distinctive invariant features from images that can be used to perform reliable matching between different views of an object or scene. The features are invariant to image scale and rotation, and are shown to provide robust matching across a substantial range of affine distortion, change in 3D viewpoint, addition of noise, and change in illumination. The features are highly distinctive, in the sense that a single feature can be correctly matched with high probability against a large database of features from many images. This paper also describes an approach to using these features for object recognition. The recognition proceeds by matching individual features to a database of features from known objects using a fast nearest-neighbor algorithm, followed by a Hough transform to identify clusters belonging to a single object, and finally performing verification through least-squares solution for consistent pose parameters. This approach to recognition can robustly identify objects among clutter and occlusion while achieving near real-time performance.
46,906 citations
14,948 citations
01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: The Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (or SIFT) algorithm is a highly robust method to extract and consequently match distinctive invariant features from images that can then be used to reliably match objects in diering images.
Abstract: The Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (or SIFT) algorithm is a highly robust method to extract and consequently match distinctive invariant features from images. These features can then be used to reliably match objects in diering images. The algorithm was rst proposed by Lowe [12] and further developed to increase performance resulting in the classic paper [13] that served as foundation for SIFT which has played an important role in robotic and machine vision in the past decade.
14,708 citations
TL;DR: OCT as discussed by the authors uses low-coherence interferometry to produce a two-dimensional image of optical scattering from internal tissue microstructures in a way analogous to ultrasonic pulse-echo imaging.
Abstract: A technique called optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been developed for noninvasive cross-sectional imaging in biological systems. OCT uses low-coherence interferometry to produce a two-dimensional image of optical scattering from internal tissue microstructures in a way that is analogous to ultrasonic pulse-echo imaging. OCT has longitudinal and lateral spatial resolutions of a few micrometers and can detect reflected signals as small as approximately 10(-10) of the incident optical power. Tomographic imaging is demonstrated in vitro in the peripapillary area of the retina and in the coronary artery, two clinically relevant examples that are representative of transparent and turbid media, respectively.
11,568 citations
TL;DR: This paper has designed a stand-alone, flexible C++ implementation that enables the evaluation of individual components and that can easily be extended to include new algorithms.
Abstract: Stereo matching is one of the most active research areas in computer vision. While a large number of algorithms for stereo correspondence have been developed, relatively little work has been done on characterizing their performance. In this paper, we present a taxonomy of dense, two-frame stereo methods designed to assess the different components and design decisions made in individual stereo algorithms. Using this taxonomy, we compare existing stereo methods and present experiments evaluating the performance of many different variants. In order to establish a common software platform and a collection of data sets for easy evaluation, we have designed a stand-alone, flexible C++ implementation that enables the evaluation of individual components and that can be easily extended to include new algorithms. We have also produced several new multiframe stereo data sets with ground truth, and are making both the code and data sets available on the Web.
7,458 citations
"Retinal Imaging and Image Analysis" refers background in this paper
...A major inspiration for these online image databases and online competitions was the Middlebury Stereo Vision competition [101], [102]....
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