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Reversed Realities: Gender Hierarchies in Development Thought

Naila Kabeer
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TLDR
In this paper, Naila Kabeer traces the emergence of women as a specific category in development thought and examines alternative frameworks for analysing gender hierarchies and compares the extent to which gender inequalities are revealed in different approaches to the concept of the family unit.
Abstract
Reversed Realities uncovers the deeply entrenched, hence barely visible, biases which underpin mainstream development theory and account for the marginal status given to women's needs in current development policy. Naila Kabeer traces the emergence of 'women' as a specific category in development thought and examines alternative frameworks for analysing gender hierarchies. She identifies the household as a primary site for the construction of power relations and compares the extent to which gender inequalities are revealed in different approaches to the concept of the family unit. The book assesses the inadequacies of the poverty line as a measuring tool and provides a critical overview of an issue that has been fiercely contested by feminists: population control. While feminists themselves have no unanimous view of the meaning of 'reproductive choice', Kabeer argues that it is imperative for them to take a lead in the construction of population policy.

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Resources, Agency, Achievements: Reflections on the Measurement of Women's Empowerment

TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluate the measurement of women empowerment in the context of three interrelated dimensions: resources agency, achievements, and consequences, and conclude that empowerment is defined by the structural dimensions of individual choice.
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Livelihoods perspectives and rural development

TL;DR: Livelihoods perspectives have been central to rural development thinking and practice in the past decade But where do such perspectives come from, what are their conceptual roots, and what influences have shaped the way they have emerged? as mentioned in this paper offers an historical review of key moments in debates about rural livelihoods, identifying the tensions, ambiguities and challenges of such approaches.
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''Bargaining'' and Gender Relations: Within and Beyond the Household

Bina Agarwal
- 01 Jan 1997 - 
TL;DR: This paper studied the relationship between social norms and social perceptions in intra-household gender dynamics, and found that women are less motivated than men by self-interest and might this affect bargaining outcomes.
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Finding the Spaces for Change: A Power Analysis

John Gaventa
- 01 Nov 2006 - 
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that opportunities for participation do not automatically translate into spaces for change, and that much depends on the power dynamics that surround and infuse them, shaping who participates, where and with what result.
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Exploring the Frontier of Livelihoods Research

TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the importance of structural components and regularities in the relationship between livelihood opportunities and decision-making and propose livelihood trajectories as an appropriate methodology for examining these issues.